Saliva and Serum Levels of Pentraxin-3 and Interleukin-1? in Generalized Aggressive or Chronic Periodontitis

• Autores: Nejat Nizam, Pinar Gümüs, Nurcan Buduneli, Ayçe Nalbantsoy, Özgün Özçaka
• Localización: Journal of periodontology, ISSN 0022-3492, Nº. 3, 2014, págs. 40-46
• Idioma: inglés
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• Resumen

  • Background: Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a multifactorial protein involved in immunity and inflammation, which is rapidly produced and released by several cell types in response to inflammatory signals. The aim of the present study is to evaluate saliva, serum levels of PTX3, interleukin (IL)-1? in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (CP) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and periodontally healthy individuals.

    Methods: A total of 94 participants (25 patients with AgP, 25 patients with CP, and 44 periodontally healthy individuals matched with AgP and CP groups) were recruited. Saliva and serum samples were collected. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. PTX3, IL-1? levels in serum, and saliva samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were tested statistically using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman ? rank test.

    Results: Serum and saliva data were similar in CP and AgP groups. Saliva levels of IL-1? were significantly higher in the AgP and CP groups than controls (P <0.05). Salivary PTX3 levels were similar in the CP and control groups. Significantly higher salivary concentrations of PTX3 were detected in the AgP group than the control group (P <0.05). Saliva PTX3 levels correlated with plaque index and bleeding on probing in the CP group (P <0.05). Serum and saliva PTX3 levels correlated with those of IL-1? in the AgP group (P <0.05).

    Conclusions: It may be suggested that PTX3 is related with periodontal tissue inflammation. Its salivary concentrations may have a diagnostic potential. Additional intervention and follow-up studies coupling PTX3 concentrations with microbiologic analysis would better clarify its role in periodontal diseases.

    Periodontal diseases are a group of infectious/inflammatory diseases involving Gram-negative, anaerobic, and microaerophilic bacteria that colonize the subgingival area and cause local and systemic elevations of proinflammatory prostaglandins and cytokines, resulting in tissue breakdown.1 Periodontitis is characterized by gingival inflammation, alveolar bone resorption, and attachment loss.2 Immune responses are activated during stimulation by bacteria or their toxins present in the dental biofilm and eventually play a major role in alveolar bone breakdown observed in periodontitis. However, the exact mechanisms of the molecular recognition and signaling transduction of host immune-inflammatory responses in periodontitis remain obscure.1 Pentraxins comprise two groups: 1) short pentraxins, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P-component, and 2) long pentraxins, such as pentraxin-3 (PTX3). PTX3 was identified in the 1990s and is produced by both resident and innate immune cells in peripheral tissues in response to inflammatory signals.3-6 Leukocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages can all express PTX3 in response to interleukin (IL)-1?, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-?, and microbial components, including lipopolysaccharides.3,4,7-9 PTX3 binds to the complement component C1q, but the role of PTX3 on the complement activation is not yet completely defined. PTX3 opsonizes fungi, selected bacteria, and viruses. Opsonization results in facilitated pathogen recognition (increased phagocytosis and killing) and innate immune cell activation (increased cytokine and nitric oxide production). PTX3 binds fibroblast growth factor-2 and modulate angiogenesis in various physiopathologic conditions.7-11 PTX3 behaves as an acute-phase protein because its blood levels, which are low in normal conditions, increase rapidly and dramatically during inflammatory and infectious conditions and correlates with the severity of the acute condition.3,4 PTX3 has been suggested to have the potential to be a new diagnostic marker for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.11-13 Recombinant forms of IL-1? and IL-1? are known to have diverse biologic effects, such as bone resorption, fever, induction of prostaglandin synthesis, and augmented T-cell responses to antigen. Increased levels of IL-1? in gingival biopsy and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of patients with periodontitis have been well documented, and it is highly likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal tissue breakdown.14 IL-1? has been confirmed as a potent inducer of bone resorption and connective tissue degradation.15,16 To the best of the authors� knowledge, this is the first study comparatively investigating levels of PTX3 in saliva and serum samples of patients with aggressive (AgP) or chronic (CP) periodontitis and age-matched controls. The present hypothesis is that salivary and/or serum levels of IL-1? and PTX3 may help to discriminate various forms of periodontitis, as well as diseased and healthy individuals. Therefore, the present study comparatively evaluates salivary and serum levels of PTX3 and IL-1? in patients with periodontitis as well as healthy control groups.