Resumen de Satisfacción con la vida asociada al apoyo familiar en la perimenopausia y posmenopausia
María Dolores Martínez Garduño, Norma González Arratia López Fuentes, Hans Oudhof van Barneveld, Alejandra Domínguez Espinosa
- español
Introducción El incremento de mujeres que viven la etapa de perimenopausia y posmenopausia, ha favorecido diversos estudios enfocados principalmente a tratamientos basados en terapias de reemplazo hormonal;
en el caso de la mujer mexicana poco se ha estudiado acerca de la satisfacción con la vida, la cual está relacionada a la salud mental.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar en un grupo de mujeres mexicanas el nivel de satisfacción con la vida y su asociación con el apoyo familiar, asumiendo que ambas están estrechamente relacionadas y cómo la percepción del apoyo familiar, escolaridad, ocupación, tener hijos y pareja predicen la alta satisfacción con la vida durante la peri y posmenopausia.
Material y método La muestra se integró con 300 mujeres seleccionadas de manera no probabilística, quienes aceptaron participar en el presente estudio, 150 mujeres en perimenopausia y 150 en posmenopausia. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: mujeres sin terapia hormonal, sin falla ovárica prematura y sin menopausia inducida. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: escala de satisfacción con la vida (SWLS) descrita por Diener, el Alfa de Cronbach para esta muestra fue de 0.799. Escala de Percepción de Apoyo Social-Familia, el alfa de Cronbach obtenido de este estudio fue de 0.922. Otra cédula aplicada fue de datos sociodemográficos.
En el procesamiento de datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva para las variables sociodemográficas. La determinación de diferencias entre los grupos de perimenopausia y posmenopausia se hizo con la t de Student, X2 y U de Mann Whitney. Las pruebas de Rho de Spearman se aplicaron para identificar las correlaciones entre las variables. Se realizo analisis de regresion multiple aplicandose el procedimiento por pasos para establecer variables que predicen la satisfaccion con la vida.
Resultados No se encontro diferencia estadistica significativa entre el grupo de perimenopausia y posmenopausia con relacion a la satisfaccion con la vida (p=.885), y la percepcion del apoyo familiar (p=.392). En las variables sociodemograficas con la prueba X2 y U de Mann Whitney, solo se observo diferencia estadistica en escolaridad (p..007) y tener pareja (p..009). De acuerdo con la prueba de correlacion de Spearman, la variable de mayor correlacion fue la percepcion de apoyo familiar (r=0.541, p..001), sin embargo a pesar de obtener bajas correlaciones de las variables sociodemograficas, la escolaridad, ocupacion y tener hijos, fueron estadisticamente significativas (p..001). En el analisis de regresion multiple con el metodo por pasos, donde se incluyeron todas las variables en conjunto, fue evidente que la mayor tendencia predictiva de satisfaccion con la vida la tiene la percepcion que tienen las mujeres acerca del apoyo familiar (b .542, IC LI.503; LS .720, p..001), y la ocupacion (b .153, IC LI.230; LS .977, p..002).En este modelo, estas dos variables explican la varianza de satisfaccion con la vida en un 31.6%(R2.311).
Discusion En los grupos de mujeres en perimenopausia y posmenopausia al parecer no afecta la satisfaccion con la vida, siendo para ellas un factor de prediccion importante la percepcion que se tenga del apoyo familiar y la ocupacion. La alta satisfaccion con la vida en grupos de mujeres en transicion a la menopausia, ha sido reportada en diversos estudios. La satisfaccion personal no declina necesariamente con el incremento de los anos, ni mejora ni empeora con la edad, ya que los individuos se adaptan a las circunstancias en las que se encuentran inmersos, lo cual favorece la salud mental.
- English
In Mexico, women with 45 to 59 years of age represent almost 13.45% of the total of the female population, a number that will increase in the coming years. Based on the reference that menopause in Mexican women is present in an average range of ages from 47.3 to 49 and considering that life expectancy is 78 years, it can be deducted that women in this stage still have a third of their years left to live.
In diverse publications, diverse definitions of perimenopause have been used. For the effects of this study, the Official Mexican Standard 035–SSA2–2002 was considered. In this way, perimenopause refers to the period where the signs begin, characterized by alterations in the intervals of the menstrual cycle and vasomotor symptoms. Meanwhile, menopause is amenorrea for 12 uninterrupted months, without a pathological or psychological cause, the moment from which is considered post menopause.
Method The non–probabilistic sample was 300 women divided into two groups: 150 women in perimenopause and 150 in postmenopause (M=50.95 years; DE=4.072 years). In the moment of application of instruments, the women hadn't tried hormonal therapy and didn't present menopause because of early or induced ovary failure. The instruments that were applied were the satisfaction with life scale (Satisfaction With Life Scale SWLS) of five questions with seven answer options that went from 1 to 7. The reliability coefficient alpha of Cronbach for this sample was 0.799. The Scale of Perceived Social Support from Family (Perceived Social Support from Family PSS–Fa) comprised 20 items with 3 answer options (yes, no, I don't know). The scores of the scale are: 0 for no support, 1 for support. The following levels of perceived family support were: 25th percentile (1–12, perception of low family support), 50th percentile (13–18, perception of medium family support), and 75th percentile (19–20, perception of high family support). The alpha of Cronbach obtained in this study was 0.922.
Results The highest percentage was occupied by women with a technical secondary school level and corresponded to a mid–higher level (30.7%). The major proportion was occupied by those who have unpaid work (33.3%), observed equally high in the proportion of women with a partner or children. The average age for the premenopausal group was 48.4 DE 2.47 and for postmenopausal women 53.67 DE 3.5. The average age for the appearance of menopause in women of the group of postmenopause was 48.55 DE 4.10.
The scores of both groups for satisfaction with life and perceived family support were located above the theoretical average in their respective scales. Regarding satisfaction with life, significant statistical differences were not found in the groups of peri– and post menopause. The significant statistical differences found between the two groups were observed in schooling (p.007) and having a partner (p.009). The variables that correlated with the satisfaction with life were the perception of family support (Rho .541, p.01), followed by variables of schooling (Rho .228, p.01), occupation (Rho. 204, p.01), and having children (Rho 162 p.05). It was evident that the most important indicator for satisfaction with life is the perception that women have about family support (β .542, IC LI.503; LS .720 p.001), and to the least degree occupation (β .153, IC LI.230; LS .977 p.002). Both variables explain satisfaction of life with 31% (R2 .311).
Discussion The results of this study show that by comparing groups of women with perimenopause and postmenopause, statistically significant differences in satisfaction with life and perception of family support are not found. Because of this it can be deduced that the transition to menopause does not affect satisfaction with life and equally the perception of family support. These findings confirm what is reported in other studies, that menopause does not affect the satisfaction with life, to the contrary of what is thought with the relationship of negative cultural stereotypes that are had about menopausal women. This affirmation is also referred to in another study where it is mentioned that personal satisfaction does not necessarily decline with the increase in age; it neither gets better nor worse with age, as individuals adapt to the circumstances that they find themselves immersed in that suit mental health.
