Russia's summer 1916 Galician operation, the noted Brusilov offensive, was one of the most successful efforts of the First World War, resulting in the near-destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the east. However, the causes of Russian success, and particularly of Habsburg defeat, have been little studied and less understood; in particular, ethnic-based disloyalty has always been the explanation for Austro-Hungarian setbacks in mid-1916. However, this article closely examines poor Habsburg battlefield performance, and concludes that serious tactical shortcomings and inadequate leadership, rather than the vexing nationalities' question, were the true causes of Austro-Hungarian defeat at the hands of Alexei Brusilov's offensive.
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