The physical forms of settlements arise from the historical play of cultural values embodied in built forms. This paper borrows from complexity studies and biological evolutionary theory to account for the ongoing interaction between buildings and settlements. Buildings interact with each other, giving rise to collectively made forms. These emergent forms are built species and civic ecosystems. Built species are lineages handed down over time because their association between built form and social practices retains cultural coherence. Civic ecosystems emerge from interactions amongst built forms within the physical and conceptual environment, and have the coherence and resilience characteristic of complex adaptive systems.
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