Die ältesten Fibeln im Nordpontus: Versuch einer Typologie der einfachen Violionbogenfibeln im südichen Mittel-, Süd- und Südosteuropa

• Autores: Maja Kasuba
• Localización: Eurasia antiqua: Zeitschrift für Archäologie Eurasiens, ISSN 0949-0434, Nº. 14, 2008, págs. 193-231
• Idioma: alemán
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• Resumen

  • Both Russian and European archaeologists suggest that the early forms of the violin bow fibulae occupy the key chronological position in the study of the North Pontic regio n during the Late Bronze Early Iron Age. However, the whole early spectrum of the violín bow fibulae from (hat regio n has never been compared to similar artifacts from other regions including the Middle East, the Aegean World, Greece and Macedonia, Italy and Sicily, Western Balkans and the Danube regions.

    The total number of 18 either complete or fragmented early violin bow fibulae are known from the Northern coast of the Black Sea, whereas 15 were found in burials, 1 on the settlement and 2 are known as chance finds, or possibly from destroyed burials of the Belozerka culture Another one-spiral fibula found on Zmejsky settlement of the North Caucasian Koban culture represents the eastern most specimen of that fibulae type.

    Analyzing simple violín bow fibulae from Central, Southern and Southeastern Europe (150 specimen), we tried to define several features (one-piece fibulae, with simple spirals, a smooth plate) characteristic for the North Pontic region. For these reasons a number of specialized works (fig. 12-13) has been presented. Furthermore a new c\assification of the simple violín bow fibulae on the basis of two main criteria such as the position of the body relation to the pin (types VBF I VBF 11) and the form of the bodv (types VBF I A-B-C VBF 11 A-B-C) has been suggested.

    The distribution map of the early forms of one-spiral violín bow fibulae reveal three basic centers: Greece and the Aegean world, the Northern Italy and the Western Balkans (fig. 15), whereas simple two-spiral fibulae (app. 35 specimen) are mainly concentrated in two regions: in Italy and on the North Pontic region, as well as near the lron Gate on the Middle Danube (fig. 15).

    We suggest that the early fibulae were imported to the Pontic from Northern Italy (the Lower Po River). It is possible to assume the existence of a long trade route in the 11-12 centuries Be, linking Northern Italy with the Northern Pontic via the Saya River and the Middle Danube. It c1early demonstrates that the contacts between Italy, the Balkans and the Northern Pontic regíon were much more intense than previously thought. Further evidence of the existence of such a trade route is represented by bronze lamellar rings with ornament, which according to their position in burials and the paraUels known, can be considered as temple rings -head decoratíons (fig. 16). Beginning from the end of the 11th till the 7th centuries Be, similar rings were spread widely in the Southeastern Alps region (fig. 17-18). It is necessary to point out that during the 12th _ 11th centuries Be the unfastened coat or cloak was the typical c10thing for the whole Northern Pontic reglon. Parallel (and partially synchronous) to that in the western part of the Northern Pontic other clothing fastened with fibulae of essentiaUy other types (fig. 19) were in use. These tinds dearly reveal different directions of communication and demonstrate that other archaeological cultures had preferences different from those of Belozerka. Thus we assume the existence of an extensive communicative network around 1000 Be which linked Southeastern and Southern Europe with the remote North Pontic region.