Focusing on a �rebellion� of an 18th century guild of mine thieves in Potosi, the repaper highlights the significance of category�transgressing peoples in the crisis of the late colony. Just as españoles criolios began to prepare their rebellion laagainst Spain, and to forge a new concept of nation wedded to a state founded on popular sovereignty, older colonial distinctions based on differences of nación gave way to full fledged racial catogeries A major impetus for for these innovations, I argue, was the danger to colonial regimes of privileged posed by the 18th century hybridity peoples like Q 'aqchas.
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