The aim of this article is to weigh up the propaganda legacy of th e eight-year presidency of Vladimir Putin. To this end, the organization, channels and chief messages of the vertical prop- aganda machine put into motion in Russia are described, in ad dition to the system�s visible and invisible workings. Furthermore, the article analyzes the counter-propaganda of the Kremlin�s �real� opposition during these years, as well as its communi cation channels and mobilization campaigns aimed at national and international civil society.
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