Targeting the environmental assessment of veterinary drugs with the multi-species-soil system (MS·3) agricultural soil microcosms: the ivermectin case study

• Autores: Gregoria Carbonell Martín, Francisco Javier Pro González, P. Aragonese-Grunert, M. M. Babin-Vich, Carlos Fernández Torija, José Vicente Tarazona Lafarga
• Localización: Spanish journal of agricultural research, ISSN-e 2171-9292, ISSN 1695-971X, Vol. 9, Nº. 2, 2011, págs. 433-443
• Idioma: inglés
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Valoración ambiental de medicamentos veterinarios en suelos agrícolas utilizando sistemas multi-especies (MS·3): la ivermectina como caso de estudio
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• Resumen
  • español

    La evaluacion del riesgo ambiental de la ivermectina recibe atencion. Este trabajo considera la capacidad de microcosmos terrestres (MS�E3) para evaluar el impacto de medicamentos veterinarios, utilizando ivermectina como modelo.

    Se realizaron experimentos en MS�E3 con dos suelos europeos, uno de una zona agricola cercana a Madrid, Espana y otro de una explotacion cerca de York, UK. Los suelos fueron fortificados con ivermectina considerando rangos de 0,01 a 10 mg kg.1 con suelo de Madrid y de 0,1 a 100 mg kg.1 con suelo de York. En el MS�E3 de Madrid se evaluaron los efectos sobre lombrices, plantas y microorganismos. En los lixiviados, se ensayo la toxicidad en organismos acuaticos (algas, invertebrados y ensayos in vitro, con lineas celulares de peces RTL-W1). Las lombrices y las plantas no mostraron efecto a las concentraciones consideradas; si se observo reduccion en la tasa de respiracion (< 5%) de microorganismos. Los factores de bioconcentracion en lombriz disminuian conforme aumentaba la concentracion de ivermectina en suelo y estos fueron mayores en lombrices expuestas al suelo de York. Hubo efectos sobre daphnidos expuestos a lixiviados; basado en los niveles de ivermectina medidos en lixiviados, se estimo una EC50 de 0,5�Êg L.1. La comparacion entre datos de toxicidad y metodos de equilibrio de particion confirma que el principal riesgo de la ivermectina debe esperarse en daphnias debido a la alta sensibilidad de cladoceros. Los resultados confirman que los MS�E3 pueden considerarse una herramienta util para la evaluacion de impacto ambiental de medicamentos veterinarios en suelos agricolas, como ya se demostro previamente con antimicrobianos.

  • English

    The environmental risk assessment of the veterinary pharmaceutical ivermectin is receiving significant attention.

    This paper assesses the capacity of the MS·3 soil microcosm as a tool for targeting the environmental impact assessment of veterinary drugs, using ivermectin as model. Two screening MS·3 were performed using different European soils;

    one with a soil collected in an agricultural station near to Madrid, Spain and a second with a soil collected in a farm area close to York, UK. Soils were fortified with ivermectin at the following ranges: 0.01-10 mg kg�1 and 0.1-100 mg kg�1 in the Madrid and York studies, respectively. The effects on earthworms, plants and soil microorganisms were assessed in the Madrid soil. Toxicity tests on aquatic organisms (algae, cladocerans and in vitro fish cell line RTLW1) were also conducted with the leachates. No effects were observed in earthworms and plants at any tested concentration; reduction in the respiration rate (< 5%) of soil microorganisms was detected. Earthworm/soil bioconcentration factors decreased with the increase in soil concentrations and were higher for the York soil. Effects on daphnids were observed in tested leachates; based on measured levels of ivermectin in the leachates an EC50 of about 0.5 ìgL�1 can be estimated. Comparisons based on toxicity data and equilibrium partitioning confirmed that the main risk is expected to be related to the high sensitivity of cladocerans. The results confirm that MS·3 systems are cost-effective tools for assessing the impact of veterinary pharmaceuticals when applied to agricultural land, as previously demonstrated for antimicrobials.