Sur la notion de contexte

• Autores: Gaston Gross
• Localización: Meta: Journal des traducteurs = translators' journal, ISSN 0026-0452, Vol. 55, Nº. 1, 2010 (Ejemplar dedicado a: The Way of Meaning: From a Language to Another - Collection of Articles Offered to André Clas), págs. 187-197
• Idioma: francés
• Enlaces
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• Resumen

  • This paper addresses the notion of context, which is one of the most important concepts in linguistic analysis inasmuch as all predicates are polysemous, which entails that only their distribution can determine the appropriate interpretation. But context cannot be reduced simply to the words occurring to the left and to the right of the ambiguous element in question: only the determination of the argumental relations are sufficient to define operators with precision. Moreover, a text is not in general simply a sequence of elementary sentences in their canonical order. It is therefore necessary to eliminate those parts of the context that do not contribute directly to the identification of the right interpretation. These include insertions, frozen constructions, etc. One must be able to identify the predicate argument structures that underlie the elementary sentences. This task is based on the use of electronic dictionaries which contain the relevant information. These dictionaries are constructed on the basis of object classes. Among other things, these classes also show that to identify interpretations of predicates, complements are more discriminative than subjects. The recognition of predicate argument structures can be enhanced by an inventory, relative to each interpretation, of the restructurings that each argument schema can undergo. The notion of context should therefore not be regarded as a mechanical demarcation that can be carried out by selecting a certain number of words to the left and the right, but rather as an analytic procedure which involves the totality of syntactic information available.

    
    
    Plan de l'article
    
    1. À propos de définition
    2. Conséquences théoriques
    3. Contextes aléatoires
    4. Contextes contraints
    4.1. Insertions dans les suites figées
    4.2. Un environnement contraint et non compositionnel
    5. Contextes significatifs
    6. Les classes d'objets comme outils de discrimination du sens des prédicats
    7. Disparité entre les positions argumentales. Les compléments sont plus importants que les sujets
    7.1. Information faible apportée par les sujets
    7.2. Information riche apportée par les compléments
    8. La notion de prédicats appropriés
    9. Contextes potentiels
    9.1. Propriétés non prédictibles
    9.1.1. Forme morphologique des prédicats
    9.1.2. Rotation des arguments
    9.1.3. Effacement des arguments
    9.1.4. Constructions croisées
    9.1.5. Question cachée
    9.2. Propriétés prédictibles
    9.2.1. Les verbes causatifs de sentiments
    9.2.2. La classe des verbes symétriques (qui est caractérisée par des restructurations spécifiques)
    9.2.3. Thématisation de l'objet
    10. Conclusion