In the first part of the paper I discuss two conflicting theories about the connection between education and work, human capital and credential inflation. Afterward, within the framework of credentialism, I introduce the job-competition model theory to explain the functioning of the Italian labour market and its relationship with over-education. In the second part of the essay, I present the empirical analysis. The focus is on three aspects. First, using an over-educated measure based on worker-
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