Large-scale immigration has tested the progressive agendas of boht socialist parties and unions across Europe. Spain, during the firsst Zapatero government, was no exception. While the socialist government's discourse and strategy on immigration were more progressive than those of its conservative predecessor, it did not curb the concentrations of immigrant workers in the least desirable and most precarious occupations. The unions, meanwhile, are potential agents of integration but have few incentives to affiliate new members and their presence amongst the immigrant workforce remains minimal. Consequently, the marginalisation in the labour market remains entrenched
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