The analysis of the Egyptian hero in biographies, tales, and instructions of the Old and Middle Kingdoms offers new insights into the concepts of morality and ethics in ancient Egypt. Righteous behaviour was expressed by means of formulaic and normative phrases involving the concept of justice and truth (Maat). Although it seems that originally there was a strong tendency to reject any reflection of evil (Isfet), particular episodes contain descriptions of dishonest, deceitful or immoral actions. These biographical and literary expressions are typically used to give examples of incorrect or inappropriate behavior. Even heroes are depicted at times under these conditions. Triumph over their fears, difficulties, and dangers finally makes them unique individuals whose opposition to the forces of chaos is without equal.
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