Resumen de Intégration européenne, déchirements européens
- English
Underlying the current unification of Europe are two previous historical processes of integration: religious integration, which took place during the Middle Ages, and cultural integration, which took place during the Middle Ages, and cultural integration, which took place between 1610 and 1790. The former made Christianity the spiritiual basis of European unity; reacting against this,the latter set up a secular basis for a new unity that was cultural. The current process of unification is linked to global integration, which it parallels. When the European empires crumbled during the 19th and 20th centuriesa, they left a global legacy. Christinanity had been spread throughout the world; and links between colonisers and colonised survived. The process of European unification, however, has also brought out differences -not necessarily merely economic- between member-countries of the European Union on the one hand and candidattes for membership on the other. The EU itself is split by new divisions: countries, which are part of the euro zone, and countries, which are not; those, which have signed the Schengen agreements, and those which have not. The prospect of a common foreign policy is giving rise to serious misgivings. There are also other problems: multinational states are being destabilisied; national governments are being by-passed by sub-national regions; and the language issue is becoming serious. For all these reasons the current stand-off between partisans of "national sovereignt" and those of "supra-nationalism" bodes little good.
- français
L'unification européenne actuelle s'est construite sur les deux précédentes, religieuse au Moyen Âge et culturelle entre 1610 et 1790. La première a assuré le christianisme comme fondement spirituel de l'unité européenne; la seconde, en opposition avec la première, a instauré la sécularisation d'une nouvelle unité culturelle. La présente unification doit être mise en parallèle avec une intégration mondiale, en raison du poids laissé par les empires qui se sont effondrés au XIXe et au XXe siècle (relations avec les anciens pays colonisés, diffusion du christianisme). Mais cette unification souligne les différences, qui ne sont pas toutes d'ordre économique, existant entre les pays membres et ceux qui veulent le devenir. D'autre part l'UE est elle-même traversée par de nouvelles divisions: entre les pays qui font partie de la zone euro et les autres, entre ceux qui ont adhéré aux accords de Schengen et les autres. Enfin la perspective d'une politique étrangère commune n'est pas sans susciter de graves tensions. Viennent se greffer là-dessus la déstabilisation des États multinationaux, les revendications des régions qui ont tendance à court-circuiter les États, l'acuité avec laquelle se pose le pluralisme des langues. Ainsi les oppositions entre " souverainistes " et " européistes " sont-elles lourdes de menaces.
- português
A actual unificaçâo europeia construiu-se na base das duas precedentes, religiosa na Idade Média e cultural entre 1610 e 1790. A primeira assegurou o cristianismo como fundamento espiritual da unidade europeia; a segunda, em oposiçâo à primeira, instaurou a secularizaçâo de uma nova unidade cultural. A presente unificaçâo debe ser posta em paralelo com uma integraçâo mundial, devido ao peso deixado pelos impérios que se desmoronaram no século XIX e no século XX (relaçôes com os antigos países colonizados, difusâo do cristianismo). Mas esta unificaçâo sublinha as diferenças, que nâo sâo todas de ordem económica, entre os países membros e aqueles que o querem vir a ser. Por outro lado, também a Uniâo Europeia é atravessada por novas divisôes: entre os países que fazem parte da zona euro e os outros, entre os que aderiram aos acordos de Schengen e os outros. Por fim, a perspectiva de uma política estrangeira comun nâo deixa de provocar graves tensôes. A isto acrescenta-se a desestabilizaçâo dos Estados multinacionais, as reivindicaçôes das regiôes que tendem a boicotar os Estados, a perspicácia como que se coloca o pluralismo das línguas. Desta forma, as oposiçôes entre "soberanistas" e "europeistas" sâo pesadas de ameaças.
