Since the beginning of the ionospheric discovery, ionospheric mapping and modelling has been the subject of an intense and continuous work by geophysicists and radiousers with the aim to understand better our environment and to improve diversity of applications in radio-propagation. The evolution in the last four decades of these studies, from HF system design, circuit planning and performance predictions to real-time control of the ionospheric parameters for space weather purposes and Earth satellite communications, has been reported here by a short review of the principal and accepted methods. Changes of the needed applications, from global to regional modelling and from long to short-term or even instantaneous and now-casting mapping, connected with rapid progress of the computer systems have been considered too
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