Insulin therapy alone is approaching the plateau of what it can accomplish in T1D. Persistently suboptimal outcomes, rising cardiometabolic risk, and ongoing hypoglycemia are not failures of adherence, effort, or technology. They are signals that the therapeutic framework itself is incomplete. Thankfully, multiple trials are not in progress or to start soon as listed in Table 1 that show a start to climbing out metaphoric metabolic tree.
The path forward does not require abandoning insulin or
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