The ethnic violence that attended the break‐up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s has refocused the world's attention on the importance of ethnic relations and nationalism in multi‐ethnic societies. This chapter presents a general discussion of the ethnicity issue and of the vital role of the international community (in this case, the EU) in restoring the rule of law over the region. The enlargement of the EU to include the countries of South‐Eastern Europe, rather than just those of Central and Eastern Europe, would have numerous beneficial effects on ethnic relations across the region. In the longer term, the construction of a common European identity, on principles of multi‐ and inter‐culturalism, could become a powerful counterweight to exclusionary nationalism. The Council of Europe and the EU could and should play key roles in building this common European identity.
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