Since the Bronze Age to the nineteenth century, the costs of transportation by sea had been much lower than by land. The diversity of endowments along the Mediterranean Basin favoured the emergence of towns which exported manufactures and imported cereals. The expansion of exchange, specially from East to West, favoured the transmission of innovations and higher levels of development and well-being. But this was not a sustained process given that the sea could also favoured invasions by more extractive peoples or the transmission of pandemics and resulting crises.
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