Publication: Essays on the economics of the family
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2012-10
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2012-10-25
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Abstract
El primer capítulo de la tesis "Abortos y la desigualdad", se refiere a la relación entre la disponibilidad de abortos como un procedimiento médico de desigualdad a largo plazo en la economía. Los datos muestran que en las tres últimas décadas más de un millón de abortos se realizan anualmente en los Estados Unidos. Recientes estudios empíricos evaluar el impacto de la legalización de los abortos en condiciones de vida de los niños y argumentan que la legalización de los abortos ofrece mejores condiciones de vida y las dotaciones de capital humano de los hijos sobrevivientes. El capítulo toma en serio la hipótesis de que la legalización del aborto puede mejorar las condiciones de vida de los niños y por lo tanto alterar sus resultados futuros del mercado laboral. La pregunta principal es ¿cuáles son las consecuencias de los abortos de la desigualdad de ingresos a largo plazo. Un modelo del matrimonio, las decisiones de fertilidad, la transmisión del capital humano, la anticoncepción y el aborto está construido para responder a esta pregunta cuantitativamente. La desigualdad será mayor en un mundo sin abortos. La razón principal de esto es el número más alto y una distribución más desigual de los niños a través de los hogares. Los niños también reciben menos capital humano. El segundo capítulo de la tesis doctoral, "La tecnología y la familia cambiante: un modelo unificado de matrimonio, el divorcio, el nivel educativo y casado participación femenina en la fuerza laboral" (junto con Nezih Guner, Jeremy Greenwood y Santos Cezar), habla de los cambios históricos en las características socio-económicas de la familia americana. En particular, el matrimonio ha disminuido desde 1960, siendo el descenso más grande para no universitarios en comparación con los individuos con educación universitaria educada. El divorcio se ha incrementado, sobre todo para el colegio no educado vis-à-vis la educación universitaria. Además, el apareamiento selectivo ha subido, es decir, las personas tienen más probabilidades de casarse con alguien del mismo nivel educativo en la actualidad que en el pasado. Un modelo modelo unificado de matrimonio, el divorcio, el nivel de instrucción y se casó con la participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo se desarrolla y estima para ajustarse a los datos de la posguerra de Estados Unidos. El papel del progreso tecnológico en el sector de los hogares y los cambios en la estructura salarial para explicar estos hechos se mide. El capítulo final, "Los cambios en los diferenciales de ingresos étnicos en Bulgaria : desde la planificación al mercado", analiza los cambios que se producen a los ingresos relativos de los trabajadores turcos étnicos en Bulgaria en el inicio (1990) y en los últimos años de la transición (a principios de 2000) en comparación con los niveles pretransición (mediados de 1980). La brecha de ingresos étnico aumentó inmediatamente después del cambio de régimen, pero era similar en tamaño al inicio y en los últimos años de la transición. Sin embargo, los cambios en los diferenciales de ingresos étnicos son diferentes para hombres y mujeres. En el caso de los hombres, la brecha étnica aumenta de manera constante durante la transición, mientras que para la mujeres que se eleva al comienzo de la transición, pero disminuye en los últimos años. El análisis identifica las diferentes fuentes de los cambios en la brecha como los cambios en las características del mercado laboral (grupos de factores específicos) y los cambios en la estructura salarial. La evidencia presentada en este capítulo muestra que los hombres turcos en transición experimentaron una disminución de sus ingresos relativos, debido principalmente a la ampliación de la estructura salarial que los perjudicaban. Turquía las mujeres que trabajan mejorado su posición relativa en comparación con sus homólogos búlgaros en términos de las características observadas y no observadas principalmente. Estos cambios fueron sólo parcialmente debido a una selección en la participación en la fuerza laboral
The first chapter of the dissertation, Mbortians and Inequaliry", deals with the relation between the availability of abortions as a medical procedure and the long—term inequality in the economy. The data show that in the last three decades over a million abortions were performed annually in the United States. Recent empirical studies assess the impact of legalization of abortions on living conditions of children and argue that legalization of abortions provides better living conditions and human capital endowments to surviving children. The chapter takes seriously the hypothesis that legalized abortion can improve the living conditions of children and hence alter their future labor market outcomes. The main question here is what are the implications of abortions for long—terrn income inequality. A model of marriage, fertility, human capital transmission, contraception and abortion decisions is built to answer this question quantitatively. Inequality will be higher in a world without abortions. The main reason for this is the higher and more unequally distributed number of children across households. Children also receive less human capital. The second chapter of the dissertation, "Technology and the Changing Family: A Unifed Model of Marriage, Divorce, Educational Attainment and Married Female Labor-Force Particaiation" (joint with Nezih Gunei; Jeremy Greenwood and Cezar Santos), discusses the historical changes in the socio—economic characteristics of the American family. In particular, marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated vis—a—vis the college educated. Additionally, assortative mating has risen; i.e., people are more likely to marry someone of the same educational level today than in the past. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor—force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar U.S. data. The role of technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure for explaining these facts is gauged. The final chapter, "Changes in Ethnic Earnings Differentials in Bulgaria: From Planning to Market", analyzes the changes occurring to the relative earnings of the ethnic Turkish workers in Bulgaria at the start (early 1990s) and in the final years of transition (early 2000s) compared to pre—transitional levels (mid 1980s). The ethnic earnings gap increased immediately after the change of the regime but was similar in size at the start and in the final years of transition. However, changes in the ethnic earnings differentials are different for men and women. In the case of men, the ethnic gap steadily increases during transition, while for women it rises at the start of the transition but declines in the final years. The analysis identities different sources of the changes in the gap such as changes in the labor market characteristics (group-specific factors) and changes in the wage structure. The evidence presented in this chapter shows that Turkish men in transition experienced a decline in their relative eamings mainly due to the widening of the wage structure which worked against them. Turkish working women improved their relative standing compared to their Bulgarian counterparts in terms of observed and mainly unobserved characteristics. These changes were only partially due to a selection in labor force participation
The first chapter of the dissertation, Mbortians and Inequaliry", deals with the relation between the availability of abortions as a medical procedure and the long—term inequality in the economy. The data show that in the last three decades over a million abortions were performed annually in the United States. Recent empirical studies assess the impact of legalization of abortions on living conditions of children and argue that legalization of abortions provides better living conditions and human capital endowments to surviving children. The chapter takes seriously the hypothesis that legalized abortion can improve the living conditions of children and hence alter their future labor market outcomes. The main question here is what are the implications of abortions for long—terrn income inequality. A model of marriage, fertility, human capital transmission, contraception and abortion decisions is built to answer this question quantitatively. Inequality will be higher in a world without abortions. The main reason for this is the higher and more unequally distributed number of children across households. Children also receive less human capital. The second chapter of the dissertation, "Technology and the Changing Family: A Unifed Model of Marriage, Divorce, Educational Attainment and Married Female Labor-Force Particaiation" (joint with Nezih Gunei; Jeremy Greenwood and Cezar Santos), discusses the historical changes in the socio—economic characteristics of the American family. In particular, marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated vis—a—vis the college educated. Additionally, assortative mating has risen; i.e., people are more likely to marry someone of the same educational level today than in the past. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor—force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar U.S. data. The role of technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure for explaining these facts is gauged. The final chapter, "Changes in Ethnic Earnings Differentials in Bulgaria: From Planning to Market", analyzes the changes occurring to the relative earnings of the ethnic Turkish workers in Bulgaria at the start (early 1990s) and in the final years of transition (early 2000s) compared to pre—transitional levels (mid 1980s). The ethnic earnings gap increased immediately after the change of the regime but was similar in size at the start and in the final years of transition. However, changes in the ethnic earnings differentials are different for men and women. In the case of men, the ethnic gap steadily increases during transition, while for women it rises at the start of the transition but declines in the final years. The analysis identities different sources of the changes in the gap such as changes in the labor market characteristics (group-specific factors) and changes in the wage structure. The evidence presented in this chapter shows that Turkish men in transition experienced a decline in their relative eamings mainly due to the widening of the wage structure which worked against them. Turkish working women improved their relative standing compared to their Bulgarian counterparts in terms of observed and mainly unobserved characteristics. These changes were only partially due to a selection in labor force participation
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Keywords
Aborto, Desigualdad económica, Sociología de la familia, Mercado laboral, Rol sexual, Bulgaria