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The Ethnoarchaeology of coffee production and consumption: three case studies from Southwest Ethiopia (Kafecho, Majangir and Oromo)

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2019-07-08
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Coffea arabica, which still grows wild in the forests of the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, is the oldest known species of coffee to be cultivated for its berries. The present thesis presents different traditions of coffee cultivation and consumption among people living in southwestern part of the country, the Kafecho, the Majangir and the Jimma Oromo. Historical accounts that provide first-hand information on the early cultivation and consumption of the plant in the southern half of Ethiopia are rare and the subject has received no archaeological examination. In addition, modernization, urbanization and access to industrial products, with the accompanying changes in the agricultural system have, in part, transformed ways of life of people in different parts of the country. This thesis, thus, intends to document methods in traditional coffee cultivation, the consumption of the beverage, and the chaƮne opƩratoires involved in the production of coffee-related crafts before they disappear or are radically transformed. It does so from the point of view of ethnoarchaeology, that is, with an eye toward the analogical potential of such cultural practices to understand similar practices in the past. The study employed problem-oriented ethnoarchaeological research methods and archaeological techniques of recording sites, artifacts, structures and features. This involved, among other things, the mapping of compounds and activity areas and the documentation of material culture. Ethnographic methods were also used, such as household interviews and participant observation of the the technology and the socio-cultural contexts of production and consumption of the beverage. The four principal types of coffee production systems known in Ethiopia, forest-coffee, semi-forest coffee, garden-coffee and plantation-coffee, are found in the region. In relative terms, the degree of human involvement in the natural growth and reproduction of coffee is high in garden-coffee cultivation system and minimal in forest and semi-forest coffee cultivation systems. This investigation has thoroughly examined the different cultivation methods and has documented the tools employed in each stage of the cultivation process. Some of the traditional instruments, which are made entirely in wood, can be probably traced back to a time before agriculture or to the beginnings of agriculture. The thesis demonstrates that the social impact of coffee consumption is profound whether in reproducing gender roles, buttressing relations of solidarity between neighbors, or in creating a sense of otherness. We can say that coffee consumption serves to delimit the group, who belongs and who does not. The beverage is used in reconciliation rituals, communal works organized during the ploughing and harvesting seasons and during post-funeral gatherings. Coffee is also widely employed in religious rituals. Kafecho and Oromo, in particular, have continued to use coffee in different kinds of ceremonies. The thesis has also explored in detail the production of pottery associated to the preparation and consumption of coffee and its transferring to the archaeological context. Finally, the transformation of coffee into cultural heritage is studied. In sum, the study has generated theoretical and methodological insights into the onset of domestication and cultivation of the plant, and the cultural and environmental context in which artefactual evidence could be recovered archaeologically. The thesis has argued that the prime motive behind initial domestication of the plant, unlike other food crops, could be related to religious needs. This would be suggested by its important role in different rituals.
Coffea arabica, que todavĆ­a crece salvaje en los bosques de las tierras altas del sudoeste de EtiopĆ­a, es la especie de cafĆ© mĆ”s antigua cultivada. La presente tesis presenta diferentes tradiciones de cultivo y consumo del cafĆ© entre una serie de comunidades que viven en el sudoeste del paĆ­s: los Kafecho, Majangir y Oromo de Jimma. Las narraciones histĆ³ricas que proporcionan informaciĆ³n de primera mano sobre los orĆ­genes del cutivo y el consumo de la planta en el sur de EtiopĆ­a son escasos y el tema no ha recibido atenciĆ³n por parte de la arqueologĆ­a. AdemĆ”s, la modernizaciĆ³n, urbanizaciĆ³n y acceso a productos industriales, con los consiguientes cambios en el sistema agrĆ­cola, han producido cambios en las formas de vida de la gente en diversas partes del paĆ­s. Esta tesis, por lo tanto, pretende documentar los mĆ©todos de cultivo tradicional del cafĆ©, el consumo de la bebida y las cadenas tĆ©cnicas operativas involucradas en la producciĆ³n de artesanĆ­as relacionadas con el cafĆ© antes de que desaparezcan por completo o se vean transformadas radicalmente. El estudio se enfoca desde una perspectiva etnoarqueolĆ³gica, esto es, con atenciĆ³n a la potencialidad analĆ³gica de tales prĆ”cticas culturales de cara a comprender prĆ”cticas semejantes en el pasado. El estudio ha empleado mĆ©todos y tĆ©cnicas de investigaciĆ³n etnoarqueolĆ³gicos y arqueolĆ³gicos para registrar sitios, artefactos, estructuras y otros elementos. Esto ha implicado, entre otras cosas, el levantamiento planimĆ©trico de conjuntos de habitaciĆ³n y Ć”reas de actividad y la documentaciĆ³n de la cultura material. TambiĆ©n se usaron mĆ©todos etnogrĆ”ficos, como entrevistas en espacios domĆ©sticos y la observaciĆ³n participante de la tecnologĆ­a y los contextos socioculturales de producciĆ³n y consumo de la bebida. En el sudoeste de EtiopĆ­a se documentan cuatro formas de cultivo: cafĆ© de bosque, semibosque, huerto y plantaciĆ³n. Las tres primeras son tradicionales. En tĆ©rminos relativos, la participaciĆ³n humana en el crecimiento y reproducciĆ³n del cafeto es elevada en el cultivo de huerto y mĆ­nimo en el de bosque y semibosque. La investigaciĆ³n ha examinado en detalle los diferentes mĆ©todos de cultivo y ha documentado las herramientas empleadas en cada fase del proceso de cultivo. Algunas de las herramientas, fabricadas Ć­ntegramente en madera, pueden retrotraerse probablemente a una Ć©poca anterior a la agricultura o a los inicios de esta. La tesis demuestra que el impacto social del consumo del cafĆ© es muy alto, sea en la reproducciĆ³n de roles de gĆ©nero, reforzando las relaciones de solidaridad entre vecinos o creando un sentido de otredad. Se puede afirmar que el consumo del cafĆ© sirve para delimitar el grupo, seƱalar quiĆ©n pertenece y quiĆ©n no. La bebida se utiliza en rituales de reconciliaciĆ³n, trabajos comunales organizados durante la temporada del arado y la cosecha, y en las celebraciones post-funerarias. El cafĆ© tambiĆ©n se emplea ampliamente entre los Kafecho y los Oromo en distintos tipos de rituales religiosos. La tesis tambiĆ©n ha explorado pormenorizadamente la producciĆ³n de cerĆ”mica asociada a la preparaciĆ³n y consumo de cafĆ© y su transferencia al registro arqueolĆ³gico. Finalmente, se analiza la transformaciĆ³n del cafĆ© en patrimonio cultural. En conclusiĆ³n, el estudio ha generado nuevas perspectivas teĆ³ricas y metodolĆ³gicas sobre el origen de la domesticaciĆ³n y el cultivo de la planta y sobre el contexto cultural y ambiental en el cual se pueden encontrar pruebas materiales del cultivo y consumo mediante la arqueologĆ­a. Se propone que la motivaciĆ³n principal detrĆ”s de la domesticaciĆ³n inicial de la planta fue su utilizaciĆ³n en contextos religiosos, lo cual vendrĆ­a sugerido por el importante papel que tiene en diversos rituales.
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de GeografĆ­a e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y ArqueologĆ­a, leĆ­da el 11/03/2019
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