Publication: El eco de los presos: los libertarios en la cárceles franquistas y la solidaridad desde fuera de la prisión, 1936-1963
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2016-06-23
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta tesis doctoral explora las vivencias colectivas, las actitudes e iniciativas de los presos anarquistas desde la victoria franquista hasta los años sesenta. El estudio ha tenido como doble objetivo reconstruir una esfera de experiencia a la que los propios libertarios otorgaron importancia en sus relatos y memorias sobre la lucha contra el régimen, y ubicar tal experiencia colectiva en el marco más amplio de la historia de la implantación de la dictadura y del declive del anarquismo español. Las aproximaciones a la historia de los presos políticos durante el franquismo no han tenido en cuenta, por lo general, el modo en que la filiación ideológica, así como las redes e identidades colectivas de los reclusos mediaron en la construcción de su experiencia. Por otra parte, la historiografía del anarquismo de posguerra se ha centrado en el estudio de las formas de lucha clandestinas y el devenir del movimiento en el exilio, pero apenas ha considerado la realidad vivida por los miles de militantes dentro de las cárceles. Este estudio parte de una primera noción, según la cual, en las prisiones de las dos primeras décadas de la dictadura, a pesar de los esfuerzos del régimen por arrancar el más mínimo brote de organización de la oposición, los presos políticos protagonizaron diversos episodios de resistencia y procesos de reconstrucción de sus vínculos identitarios y estructuras organizativas. Esto hizo que militantes de los diversos ámbitos ideológicos se organizaran aparte, constituyendo comunidades diferenciadas entre sí dentro las cárceles. Además, las prisiones y los activistas detenidos constituyeron constantemente un elemento con el cual aquellos todavía en libertad se debieron confrontar necesariamente, porque casi todos los exponentes más importantes estaban encarcelados. Dicho esto, a partir del análisis de diversos tipos de documentos personales generados por los propios anarquistas (autobiografías, cartas y entrevistas) y de fuentes oficiales franquistas, hemos reconstruido la formación –sin duda, fragmentaria e irregular- del sujeto “preso libertario” y sus significados, hemos examinado sus respuestas al entorno carcelario franquista, y puesto esas realidades en relación con la oposición antifranquista de primera época, tanto del interior como del exilio...
This doctoral dissertation analyses the collective experiences, attitudes and initiatives of the Anarchist prisoners from the Francoist victory to the decade of the sixties. The aim of the research has been, on the one hand, rebuilding the experiences which were important for the Libertarian movement by means of their accounts and memoirs concerning the struggle against the regime. And on the other hand, questioning the idea of widespread defenselessness and passivity among the political victims of Franco’s regime. Broadly speaking, the approaches to the history of political prisoners during the dictatorship have not taken into account how the ideological affiliation together with prisoners’ collective networks and identities influenced their experience. Besides, the historiography of postwar anarchism has focused on the study of the underground struggle and the development of the movement in the exile, but has barely considered the experiences lived by thousands of activists inside the prisons. This research starts from a premise which establishes that, during the first two decades of the dictatorship, in spite of the efforts of the regime to stop the minimum sign of organisation of the opposition inside the prison, the political prisoners leaded several episodes of resistance and processes of reconstruction of their identity bonds and organisational structures. As a consequence, each ideological sphere organised autonomously establishing differentiated communities inside the prisons. Moreover, the prisons and the incarcerated activists became a permanent and unavoidable element for those who were still free since the majority of the most important exponents of the movement were in prison. That said, we have analysed several kinds of the anarchist activists’ personal documents (autobiographies, letters and interviews) and documents published by Francoist’s official sources in order to rebuild the –undoubtedly fragmented and irregular– configuration of the “Libertarian prisoner” subject and its meanings. Through these documents we have also examined their responses to the Francoist prison environment and linked these expressions to the movement against the Franco regime during its first period, both at the domestic scale and in the exile...
This doctoral dissertation analyses the collective experiences, attitudes and initiatives of the Anarchist prisoners from the Francoist victory to the decade of the sixties. The aim of the research has been, on the one hand, rebuilding the experiences which were important for the Libertarian movement by means of their accounts and memoirs concerning the struggle against the regime. And on the other hand, questioning the idea of widespread defenselessness and passivity among the political victims of Franco’s regime. Broadly speaking, the approaches to the history of political prisoners during the dictatorship have not taken into account how the ideological affiliation together with prisoners’ collective networks and identities influenced their experience. Besides, the historiography of postwar anarchism has focused on the study of the underground struggle and the development of the movement in the exile, but has barely considered the experiences lived by thousands of activists inside the prisons. This research starts from a premise which establishes that, during the first two decades of the dictatorship, in spite of the efforts of the regime to stop the minimum sign of organisation of the opposition inside the prison, the political prisoners leaded several episodes of resistance and processes of reconstruction of their identity bonds and organisational structures. As a consequence, each ideological sphere organised autonomously establishing differentiated communities inside the prisons. Moreover, the prisons and the incarcerated activists became a permanent and unavoidable element for those who were still free since the majority of the most important exponents of the movement were in prison. That said, we have analysed several kinds of the anarchist activists’ personal documents (autobiographies, letters and interviews) and documents published by Francoist’s official sources in order to rebuild the –undoubtedly fragmented and irregular– configuration of the “Libertarian prisoner” subject and its meanings. Through these documents we have also examined their responses to the Francoist prison environment and linked these expressions to the movement against the Franco regime during its first period, both at the domestic scale and in the exile...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Historia Contemporánea, leída el 13-01-2016