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Extracellular vesicles and exosome: insight from physiological regulatory perspectives

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Abstract

The current study highlights prospective mechanisms of biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and potential involvement in cellular signaling and transport with great emphasis to illustrate their role as biomarkers in certain pathologies. The current review highlights EVs, the heterogeneous entities secreted by cells in highly conserved manner. A series of consensus terminologies for various types is yet to be organized. Exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies are major populations among EVs. EVs are key regulators in cellular physiological homeostasis, disease progression and evolve either from plasma membrane (microvesicles) or fusion of endosomes with exosomes. However, how vesicular inclusions elicit a plethora of biological responses is still not much clear. However, how these vesicular inclusions get packaged and delivered by these EVs shows great involvement in inter- and intracellular cellular signaling and channeling of multiple proteins, variety of RNAs and certain fat molecules. It’s worth to mention that EVs carry small non-coding RNAs (snRNAs) which are involved in multiple cellular molecular events at targeted sites. Moreover, snRNA trafficking through exosomes and microvesicles depicts remarkable potential as non-invasive biomarkers in different clinical disorders especially immune system pathologies, cardiovascular issues, and metabolic syndromes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Muhammad Yasir Waqas & Muhammad Farrukh Nisar

  2. Department of Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arshad Javid

  3. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Muhammad Mudasser Nazir & Sheraz Ahmed Bhatti

  4. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Zahid Manzoor

  5. Department of Anatomy and Histology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Sajid Hameed

  6. Department of Anatomy and Histology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Muhammad Haseeb Khaliq

  7. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Nasir Niaz

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  1. Muhammad Yasir Waqas
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Contributions

The authors declare that all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used. The study was conceived, designed and written as original draft by M.Y.Waqs and M.A.Javid. Acquisition of data, review and final editing was performed by M.M.Nazir and S.A. Bhatti. M.F.Nisar helped in formal analysis. Z.Manzoor, S.Hameed and M.H.Khaliq contributed in Technical inputs, data curation and methodology.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Mudasser Nazir.

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Key Points

• The study described the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers in certain pathologies, cell signaling and transport.

• Highlighted the mechanism of EVs transporting snRNAs that may contribute numerous molecular events at the targeted sites in the cells.

• The snRNA trafficking act as potential non-invasive biomarkers in multiple disorders (immune system pathologies, cardiovascular issues and metabolic syndromes)

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Waqas, M.Y., Javid, M.A., Nazir, M.M. et al. Extracellular vesicles and exosome: insight from physiological regulatory perspectives. J Physiol Biochem 78, 573–580 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-022-00877-6

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