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High-intensity interval training lowers blood pressure and improves apelin and NOx plasma levels in older treated hypertensive individuals

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Abstract

Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apelin levels and NO bioavailability are impaired in older hypertensive patients. Exercise is an effective intervention for treating hypertension. Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training on blood pressure, apelin, and NOx plasma levels in older treated hypertensive individuals. Thirty treated hypertensive subjects (61.70 ± 5.78 years, 17 males, 13 females) were randomly divided into 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The exercise training was conducted for three 35-min sessions a week (1.5-min interval at 85–90% of heart rate reserve [HRR] and 2 min active phase at 50–55% of HRR). Assessment of plasma apelin, nitrite/nitrate (NOx), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) was performed before and after the intervention. At the end of the study, apelin, and NOx plasma levels increased significantly in the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group (P = 0.021, P = 0.003, respectively). Conversely, ET-1 plasma levels significantly decreased in the training group after the intervention (P = 0.015). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the change of plasma apelin and change of plasma NOx (r = 0. 771, P = 0.0008). In addition, there was a negative correlation between the change of plasma ET-1, change of plasma apelin (r = − 0.595, P = 0.019), and variation of NOx (r = − 0.572, P = 0.025). This study indicates that, by increasing of apelin and NOx plasma levels, HIIT may be effective in reducing blood pressure.

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Acknowledgments

The authors want to thank Dr. Mohsen Fathzadeh (University of Stanford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC Stanford, CA 94305-5406, the USA) for his fruitful comments during the preparation of the paper.

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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public and commercial sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Mohammad Reza Izadi

  2. Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Alireza Ghardashi Afousi

  3. Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Maryam Asvadi Fard

  4. Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Mohammad Ali Babaee Bigi

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  1. Mohammad Reza Izadi
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Correspondence to Alireza Ghardashi Afousi.

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Izadi, M.R., Ghardashi Afousi, A., Asvadi Fard, M. et al. High-intensity interval training lowers blood pressure and improves apelin and NOx plasma levels in older treated hypertensive individuals. J Physiol Biochem 74, 47–55 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-017-0602-0

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