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Effects of glucomannan/spirulina-surimi on liver oxidation and inflammation in Zucker rats fed atherogenic diets

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Abstract

Cholesterolemia is associated with pro-oxidative and proinflammatory effects. Glucomannan- or glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched surimis were included in cholesterol-enriched high-saturated diets to test the effects on lipemia; antioxidant status (glutathione status, and antioxidant enzymatic levels, expressions and activities); and inflammation biomarkers (endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in Zucker fa/fa rats. Groups of eight rats each received diet containing squid-surimi (C), squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HC), glucomannan-squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HG), or glucomannan-spirulina-squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HGS) over a period of 7 weeks. HC diet induced severe hyperlipemia, hepatomegalia, increased inflammation markers, and impaired antioxidant status significantly (at least p < 0.05) vs. C diet. HG diet decreased lipemia and liver size and normalized antioxidant status to C group levels, but increased TNF-α with respect to HC diet (p < 0.05). In general terms, 3 g/kg of spirulina in diet maintained the positive results observed in the HG diet but, in addition, increased inflammation index [eNOS/(eNOS + iNOS)] and decreased plasma TNF-α (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, glucomannan plus a small amount of spirulina blocks negative effects promoted by hypercholesterolemic diets. Although more studies are needed, present results suggest the utility of including glucomannan and/or spirulina as functional ingredients into fish derivates to be consumed by people on metabolic syndrome risk.

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Abbreviations

CAT:

Catalase

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

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Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by the Spanish projects AGL-2011-29644-C02-02, AGL-2008-04892-C03-02 and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 project # CSD2007-00016. We gratefully acknowledge the foreign fellowship for graduate studies granted by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) of México to Laura González-Torres.

Author’s contributions

All authors have significantly contributed to the paper and agree with the present version of the manuscript. FJ S-M is the corresponding author and guarantor of the paper, M V-V has contributed to the study design, data discussion, and writing of the paper, L G-T and P L-G have contributed to the data acquisition and analysis and writing of the paper. S B, J B, and MJ G-M have contributed to data discussion and have made a critical review of the paper.

Compliance with ethical standards

The present study was approved by the Spanish Science and Technology Advisory Committee (project AGL-2008-04892-C03-02) and by an ethics committee of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain). All experiments were performed in compliance with Directive 86/609/EEC of November 24, 1986 for the protection of scientific research animals.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel Vázquez-Velasco, Laura González-Torres, Sara Bastida & Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz

  2. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Patricia López-Gasco & Juana Benedí

  3. Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain

    María José González-Muñoz

Authors
  1. Miguel Vázquez-Velasco
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  2. Laura González-Torres
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  3. Patricia López-Gasco
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  4. Sara Bastida
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  5. Juana Benedí
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  6. María José González-Muñoz
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  7. Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz.

Additional information

Miguel Vázquez-Velasco and Laura González-Torres are the first authors of this study.

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Vázquez-Velasco, M., González-Torres, L., López-Gasco, P. et al. Effects of glucomannan/spirulina-surimi on liver oxidation and inflammation in Zucker rats fed atherogenic diets. J Physiol Biochem 71, 611–622 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0425-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0425-9

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