Resumen de Electron transfer processes in biomimetic membranes incorporating prenylquinones
The photosynthesis is the process used by the plants and bacteria cells to convert the inorganic matter in organic thanks to the light energy. This process consist on several steps, being one of them the plastoquinone-9 (PQ) electronic transport from the Photosystem II to the cytochrome. In this Ph. D. Thesis we prepare membranes that mimic the characteristics of the natural cell membranes and we characterize them using several techniques in order to obtain the PQ molecules position in the membranes and to study its electrochemical behaviour. These membranes are prepared using several lipids and their mixtures with PQ and ubiquinone-10 (UQ). Both the pure components and the lipid:quinone mixtures have been studied using surface pressure-area per molecule isotherms. These isotherms give information about the film stability (Langmuir film) at the air/water interface and the mathematical treatment of their results indicates the thermodynamic behaviour of the mixture and their physical state. Moreover, the Brewster Angle Microscopy technique has been used to study in situ the possibility of microscopic aggregation. On the other hand, the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film has been transferred onto mica forming a monolayer that mimics the bottom layer of the biological membranes. This monolayer has been topographically characterized using AFM and both the height and the physical state that they present have been obtained. In addition, these monolayers have been transferred onto ITO that is a hydrophilic substrate with good optical and electrical features, so that, being a good candidate for studying the electrochemical behaviour of these systems. On the other hand, the DPPC:UQ system has been also studied preparing SPBs using liposomes. These SPBs have been characterized using force spectroscopy and the other techniques that have been pointed previously and are suitable to working with SPBs. The obtained results for the pure quinones indicate that they form Langmuir monolayers in the liquid expanded (LE) state at surface pressures below the collapse. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the LB films transferred on ITO shows one (process I) or two processes (process I and II), depending on the surface pressure at which the monolayer has been transferred. The processes present the same formal potentials for both quinones at biological pH. On the other hand, the pure lipids, in general, form more compact states than the corresponding lipid:quinone mixture. The galactolipid:quinone systems indicate that, at low surface pressures, non-ideal mixtures are obtained being favoured the interactions between molecules of the same kind. Increasing the surface pressure, the system changes from LE to liquid-condensed (LC), which implies the quinone rejection from the lipids head zone. The electrochemical results indicate that this rejection can be vertically or horizontally. Vertically, achieving a position above the lipid head region but still in the lipid matrix, or out of the lipìd matrix, placed parallel to the matrix over it. The horizontal rejection (from the LC zones) implies that the quinone molecules are placed in the LE zones enriching them and forming pools of quinone. The positions described for the quinone in a lipid: quinone system can be classified in "diving", with the quinone molecules in the matrix with or without ITO-quinone contact, and "swimming", which is correlated with the quinones placed over the matrix. The "diving" and "swimming" positions induce different redox processes and the charge involved at each process indicates which position is predominant. Both redox processes are irreversible due to the slow charge transfer rate at the ITO-monolayer/electrolyte interface. Moreover, this electron transfer is produced by direct transfer or electron hopping.
