Resumen de Comunitats de pol·linitzadors i servei de la pol·linització en camps de pomera: una aproximació basada en trets
Biodiversity is being threatened worldwide as a result of human activities such as land use change, exploitation of resources or climate change. During the last 20 years, trait-based approaches have been increasingly incorporated in studies linking biodiversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning, as an alternative to taxonomy-based approaches. One crucial ecosystem function is pollination, which contributes to the sexual reproduction of more than 85% of angiosperm species worldwide. In addition, pollinators provide a crucial ecosystem service through their contribution to agricultural production and human nutrition. However, pollinator diversity is experiencing strong declines in Europe and North America. Agricultural intensification is considered one of the main drivers of these declines.
Functional traits mediate the responses of pollinators (individuals or species) to environmental disturbances (response traits) and, at the same time, contribute to ecosystem function (effect traits). Trait-based approaches have long been used in plant studies and, to a lesser extent, studies on vertebrate animals. However, for many groups of terrestrial invertebrates there is still a lack of consensus on which traits should be measured, their predictive value and how they should be measured. Several studies have addressed the effects of agricultural intensification on pollinator functional composition and others have addressed the role of functional composition on pollination service. However, of studies analysing both processes simultaneously using a response-trait effect framework remain very scarce.
The aim of this thesis is to better understand the mechanisms linking functional composition with pollination service provision in apple orchards. To do so, I measured 10 pollinator traits in 109 species of different pollinator groups to study pollinator functional performance at individual and species level. I also used these traits to study how pollinator functional composition responded to agricultural local and landscape features and how, in turn, these traits affected pollination service at the community level.
First, I developed a standardized method to quantitatively measure hairiness, a salient trait in pollination ecology. The proposed methodology accounts for the two components of hairiness (hair length and hair density) and was used on 109 species from different pollinator groups. Hopefully the method will foster the inclusion of hairiness in pollinator data bases and contribute to our understanding of the relevance of this trait in pollination ecology.
Second, I determined which pollinator traits promote pollination effectiveness and explored whether pollinators with similar pollination effectiveness share similar traits. I found that pollination effectiveness was not dependent on a single trait but on a variety of behavioural and morphological traits. The main traits affecting pollination effectiveness were flower handling behaviour, body size and visit duration. All effective pollinators were top-workers, but otherwise did not necessarily share similar traits.
Third, using a response-trait framework, I analysed how local and landscape features affected pollination service through changes in functional composition in 110 apple orchards across Europe. Pollination service increased with pollinator functional diversity, but only in low-input orchards. As a result, low-input orchards with high pollinator functional diversity reached levels of pollination service similar to those of high-input orchards. The relationship between response and effect traits was better mediated by functional diversity rather than specific functional traits. Functional diversity enabled pollinator communities to better respond to management and landscape intensity and to increase pollination function through complementarity.
