Resumen de O Quaternário do Maciço Hespérico em Portugal: problemas do seu Estudo Geológico e Geomorfológico
The major problem in studying the Quaternary in the Hesperian Massif in Portugal is unquestionably posed by the scarcity of deposits, faunas and floras, which makes it difficult to establish a more or less accurate chrono-stratigraphy. The Hesperian Massif is a morpho-structural unit in a regime of tectonic uplifting and for that reason erosion in it clearly prevails over sedimentation. Accordingly,studies of the Quaternary in Portugal inevitably tend to concentrate on the coastal regions and on the vestibular sectors of valleys, where existing beaches, terraces and caves display a sizeable palaeontological and archaeological spoil. Also inevitably have of late the upper Pleistocene and above all the Holocene been at the heart of the most remarkable advance in knowledge, because not only of more abundant vestiges but also of the easier achievement of an absolute chronology based on radiocarbon.
One problem which immediately arises is the very question ofthe dividing line between the Tertiary and the Quaternary. Traditionally, and in the absence of more reliable indicators, that dividing line has been defined inland through the raña deposits, and on the littoral on the basis of forms and deposits to which a Calabrian age has been normally ascribed. Rañas are, however, rigorously azoic deposits; of them it is known only that they constitute the more recent deposits of large planation surfaces in the Hesperian Massif and that they precede the entrenchment of valleys and the formation of fluvial terraces linked to well organized drainage axes. On the other hand, recent research has produced dissimilar, sometimes contradictory results concerning the genesis (either marine or fluvial) of the earliest deposits in the littoral platform, and from the age point of view the least uncontroversial vestige, in the sites of more complete stratigraphy, is that of the occurrence of a Placenzian transgressive phase.
From the upper Pleistocene onwards there begins to exist, chiefly on coastal regions, a certain wealth and variety of sediments, and of archaeological spoil as well. Because of the acid nature of the soils and deposits, however, faunistic vestiges continue to be scarce; and that fact, together with the difficulty of obtaining alternative absolute datings, makes it aleatory to establish a chronostratigraphy - with the exception, to sorne extent and as noted aboye, of datings pertaining to the Holocene. Inland, the unavailability or paucity of correlative deposits has irremediably affected the studies of Quaternary morphogenesis. Nevertheless, the application of geomorphological criteria, linking them to the few deposits available, has rendered sorne progress possible, namely in the domain of neotectonics. Another domain in which significant progress has been made is the study of glacial and periglacial manifestations, especially by combining meticulous field observations with laboratory study of the deposits. An instance of that is the analysis, recently carried out, of the glaciation vestiges in Serra do Geres-Xurés, which has clarified the importance of cold climates in the late Quaternary morphogenesis in the mountains of northern Portugal and southern Galicia.
The major future advances in the knowledge of the Quaternary geology and geomorphology in Portugal will have to be founded on the following premises: 1) the study of the submersed deposits of the Continental platform; 2) the study of the weathering and soils which have developed both in the emersed deposits and in the rock substratum; 3) the minute cartography of the deposits and the establishment of a rigorous lithostratigraphy of those deposits in the most representative sites; 4) the laboratory analysis of the deposits, namely studies of micromorphology; 5) the utilization of all the available data to establish a relative chronology (fauna, flora, lithic industry and other archaeological vestiges) and, aboye all, the application of the several possible methods of absolute dating (radiocarbon, thermoluminescence, amino-acids, palaeomagnetism); 6) the study of erosive forms, to different scales, and the attempt to establish a morphogenetic and chronological correlation with the known deposits, weathering and soils; 7) the development of interdisciplinary research focused upon the more promising problems and sites; 8) the integration of results, targeted at palaeoenvironmental reconstitution.
