Objetivos: Determinar los factores de riesgo mas importantes en la incidencia de retinopatia del prematuro (ROP).
Material y metodos: Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo, casos y controles de recien nacidos (RN) de igual o menos de 32 semanas de gestacion y peso al nacimiento igual o inferior a 1,500 g, con diagnostico de ROP en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Resultados: Se encontraron 60 casos de RN prematuros con algun grado de retinopatia, de los cuales fueron 30 masculinos y 27 femeninos; se excluyeron tres casos por tener defectos congenitos.
Los dos factores de riesgo principalmente involucrados en la ROP son edad gestacional igual o inferior a 28 semanas de gestacion (p . 0.001; odds ratio [OR]: 18.62; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 7.36-47.09) y peso al nacimiento igual o inferior a 1,000 g (p < 0.001; OR: 13.55; IC 95%: 5.59-32.84). Otros factores de riesgo encontrados son: la enfermedad de membrana hialina (EMH), sepsis tardia, desaturaciones frecuentes en el neonato hasta la segunda semana de vida relacionadas con apneas, aplicacion de surfactante, administracion de esteroides posnatales, multiples transfusiones sanguineas superiores a 5, estancia hospitalaria prolongada mas de 45 dias.
Conclusiones: Los dos principales factores de riesgo demostrados en la genesis de ROP son: edad gestacional y peso al nacimiento.
Objectives: To determine the most important risk factors for the incidence of retinopathy in premature infants.
Material and methods: A retrospective study, controls and cases of newborn infants (. 32 weeks of gestation and birth weight . 1,500) with diagnosis of retinopathy in the newborn intensive care unit were performed. Results: Sixty cases of premature infants, with some grade of retinopathy, were found: 30 of which were male and 27 female.
Three cases were excluded because of congenital problems. The two mainly involved risk factors in the retinopathy of neonates are gestational age (. 28 weeks; p . 0.001; OR: 18.62; IC 95%: 7.36-47.09), and birth weight . 1,000 g (p < 0.001; OR: 13.55; IC 95%: 5.59-32.84). Other risk factors found were: hyaline membrane disease (HMD), late sepsis, frequent desaturations in newborns up to the second week of life related to apnea, surfactant and postnatal steroids administration, as well as more than 5 blood transfusions, or stay at hospital longer than 45 days. Conclusion: The two main risk factors in the onset of retinopathy in premature infants are gestational age and birth weight.
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