Sergio Almisas Cruz

ABSTRACT
A multidisciplinary group of researchers from the University of Cadiz
(Spain), University of Abdelmalek Esaadi, Ministry of Culture of the Region
Tangier-Tetouan and the INSAP from Rabat (Morocco) has developed the re-search project titled: “Archaeological Chart of Northern Morocco”. We have
carried out four campaigns of archaeological survey and excavations at El
Hafa Cave and the Shelter of Marsa. We have also analysed the archaeological
remains deposited at the Museum of Tetouan from Miguel Tarradell´s excavations.
In this work we offer a general view about geoarchaeological contexts,
settlement patterns, raw material studies, mobility processes and resource
types of the Palaeolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers and Neolithic tribal societies.

Las relaciones entre patrimonio histórico, sociedad civil y Estado en las ciudades históricas son de elevado interés y su estudio requiere de una visión multidisciplinar desde las ciencias sociales. Existen contradicciones entre el destino público del patrimonio garantizado por el Estado y las formas en las que la conservación y gestión del mismo se llevan a cabo, en tanto tienden a marginar iniciativas que provienen de la ciudadanía, de los movimientos sociales, y potencian aquellas orientadas a la tematización y mercantilización del mismo. Se argumenta que en estos procesos juegan un papel importante los intereses de sectores privados, que buscan su propio beneficio y se oponen al modelo social de patrimonio histórico o cultural. Frente a esta situación, se evalúa la capacidad de proyectos radicales ciudadanos en la lucha práctica frente a la neoliberalización de la ciudad histórica y sus repercusiones en el discurso teórico patrimonial a través de un ejemplo en Cádiz.

Palabras clave: teoría patrimonial; ideología; Cádiz; movimientos sociales; okupación.

Recovering spaces and resignifying the concept of cultural heritage from social movements. The case of the La Higuera self-managed social center for squatters (Cadiz, Andalusia)

The relations between historical heritage, civil society and the State in historical cities are of outstanding interest, and a multidisciplinary approach from social sciences is required to tackle them. There are contradictions between the cultural heritage public-destiny guaranteed by the State and the forms by which conservation and management have been carried out, due to the marginalization of initiatives from citizens, from social movements, whereas other initiatives fostering heritage thematization and marketization have been implemented. It is argued that these processes respond to private interests acting for their own benefit, and therefore in opposition to the socially based conceptualisation of cultural heritage. Given this situation, the capacity of radical movements and projects in the daily struggle against the neoliberalisation of the historical city is explored, focusing on the repercussions for urban heritage discourse and praxis through an example in the city of Cadiz.

Keywords: heritage theory; ideology; Cadiz; social movements; squatting.

This article examines the role played by marine resources for hunter-gatherer groups of the Middle/ Upper Pleistocene in the geohistorical region around the Straits of Gibraltar, on the basis of new evidence collected at the rock shelter of Benzú (North Africa). The stratigraphic sequence at Benzú has been dated to between 254 and 70 ka. The excavations have revealed the exploitation of marine gastropods and bivalves, alongside fish. The most common taxon in the sequence is the genus Patella. The analysis of the molluscs and their spatial distribution shows that these animals were purposely collected by humans, probably as a food source. In order to contribute to the debate about the origins and scale of the exploitation of marine resources during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene, the evidence collected at Benzú is interpreted within the broader context of North Africa and southern Europe. The similarity of groups of Homo sapiens sapiens in North Africa and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis in southern Europe in terms of lifestyle and subsistence strategies is interpreted as reflecting equally similar social and economic practices, in spite of the diversity of anthropological perspectives on the relationship between humans and the environment currently in vogue.

ABSTRACT
The rock-shelter of Benzú is located near the city of Ceuta in North
Africa. The Benzú rock-shelter contains a sequence of 7 archaeological levels,
which are associated with a clearly defined Mode 3 lithic technology.
The similarities with other assemblages found in the south of the Iberian
Peninsula are clear. We must also emphasise the exploitation of marine resources
by these hunter-gatherer societies from the beginning of the Middle
Pleistocene sequence. On the basis of this archaeological evidence and in the context of recent studies on North Africa, this work assesses the
possible relationships and contacts between societies on both shores of the
historical region of the Straits of Gibraltar.

ABSTRACT
A multidisciplinary group of researchers from the University of Cadiz
(Spain), University of Abdelmalek Esaadi, Ministry of Culture of the Region
Tangier-Tetouan and the INSAP from Rabat (Morocco) has developed the re-search project titled: “Archaeological Chart of Northern Morocco”. We have
carried out four campaigns of archaeological survey and excavations at El
Hafa Cave and the Shelter of Marsa. We have also analysed the archaeological
remains deposited at the Museum of Tetouan from Miguel Tarradell´s excavations.
In this work we offer a general view about geoarchaeological contexts,
settlement patterns, raw material studies, mobility processes and resource
types of the Palaeolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers and Neolithic tribal societies.

Recent (2012, 2015, 2016) archaeological digs in the so called Cueva de Enrique at Ceuta have unearthed new information about the Prehistorical & Modern-Contemporary occupation of this so important area in the Circle of the Strait of Gibraltar region