ARTÍCULOS

 

Wood anatomical traits of the Araucaria Forest, Southern Brazil

Anatomía de la madera del bosque de araucaria, sur de Brasil

 

Patricia Soffiatti ^a*, Maria Regina Torres Boeger ^a, Silvana Nisgoski ^b, Felipe Kauai ^a

^* "Corresponding Author: ^a Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Botánica, CxP 19031, CEP81531-990, Curitiba, Brazil, phone: +55 41 3361-1631, psoffiatti.ufpr@gmail.com
^b Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Curitiba, Brazil.

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SUMMARY

The goal of the present study was to find a pattern regarding wood anatomical features for the Araucaria Forest. For that, we studied the wood anatomy of 17 tree species characteristics of this forest formation of Southern Brazil. The species were selected based on the amplified importance value. Wood samples of three individuals per species were collected and prepared according to standard wood anatomical techniques. Most of the species can be grouped according to the presence of the following features: visible growth rings, diffuse porosity, absence of any typical vessel arrangement, simple perforation plate, simple to diminute bordered pits in fibers, little axial parenchyma, heterogeneous rays. The Grouping Analysis of qualitative and quantitative characters groups the species together, but two are distinct from the others: Cinnamodendron dinisii and Roupala montana. Principal Component Analysis explained 69 % of the total variance, influenced by rays height and width, vessel element and fiber length, separating Cinnamodendron dinisii and Roupala montana from the others. Results corroborated ecological wood anatomical patterns observed for other species in other tropical and subtropical vegetation formations occurring in higher altitudes and latitudes, where the species can be characterized by the presence of visible growth rings, predominantly solitary vessels, simple perforation plates and little axial parenchyma.

Key words: altitude, diffuse-porous wood, ecological wood anatomy, growth rings.

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RESUMEN

Se presenta el estudio anatómico de la madera de 17 especies de árboles características de una formación de bosque de araucaria, en el sur de Brasil. Se colectaron 17 especies, basado en el valor de importancia ampliado. Muestras de madera de tres individuos por especie fueron recolectadas, y preparadas de acuerdo con técnicas usuales empleadas en anatomía de la madera. La mayoría de las especies se pueden agrupar para la presencia de las siguientes características: anillos crecimiento visibles, porosidad difusa, los vasos no presentaron patrones específicos de agrupamientos, platina de perforación simples, punteaduras diminutas a bordeadas en las fibras, poco parénquima axial, radios heterogéneos. El análisis de agrupamiento de los caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos de las especies se las agruparon juntas, pero dos son distintos de los demás: Cinnamodendron dinnisii y Roupala montana. El análisis de componentes principales explicó 69 % de la varianza total, influido por la altura y ancho de los radios, la longitud de los elementos de vasos y de las fibras, separando Cinnamodendron dennisii y Roupala montana de los demás. Los resultados corroboraron los patrones anatómicos ecológicos de la madera observados en otras formaciones vegetales tropicales y subtropicales, en mayor altitud y latitud.

Palabras clave: altitud, anatomía ecológica de la madera, anillos de crecimiento, porosidad difusa.

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INTRODUCTION

Several investigations have been conducted in order to correlate anatomical wood traits to environmental characteristics. Many authors demonstrated that several wood features respond to abiotic conditions such as: variations in diameter, length and frequency of vessels (Carlquist 2001, Luchi 2004, Bosio et al. 2010, Melo Júnior et al. 2011); length and width of fiber walls (Luchi 2004); presence of growth rings (Alves and Angyalossy 2000, Luchi 2004, Barros et al. 2006).

The structural diversity found for secondary xylem allows direct correlations between wood anatomy and different environment conditions; some trends were established (Carlquist 2001, Baas and Schweingruber 1987, Wheeler et al. 2007).

For Brazilian flora there are a few studies focusing on ecological wood anatomy. Alves and Angyalossy (2000, 2002) studied wood traits for several Brazilian regions and showed some trends. Barros et al. (2006) observed some features characterizing an area of Atlantic Forest formation. Bosio et al. (2010) studied Miconia sellowiana wood occurring in three forest formations of Atlantic forest in Southern Brazil. Sonsin et al. (2012) compared species of Cerrado and Gallery forest.

Although some studies on wood anatomical ecological traits in Brazilian biomes have been carried out, literature is still scarce considering the richness of Brazilian flora. The goal of the present study is to find a pattern regarding wood anatomical features for the Araucaria Forest. For that, we studied the wood anatomy of 17 tree species characteristics of this forest formation of Southern Brazil. The studied group showed in common the presence of growth rings, diffuse porous wood and little axial parenchyma; patterns common to higher altitude and latitude subtropical and tropical forest formations.

METHODS

Specimens were collected in two fragments of Araucaria Forest in Curitiba, Paraná state, Brazil. The species selection was based on the amplied importance value (AIV) obtained in Rondon Neto et al. (2002) for this formation. One is known as "Bosque da Engenharia Florestal" situated in the campus of Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus 3 -Jardim Botánico da Universidade Federal do Paraná (25°26'50" S, 49°14'16" W), (Rondon Neto et al. 2002). The other fragment is known as "Reserva Mata Viva", located in Centro Politécnico da Universidade Federal do Paraná (25° 26' 42'' S, 49° 14' W) (Reginato et al. 2008).The climate of the region is humid subtropical, characterized by hot, usually humid summers; climate classification Cfb according to Koppen (Maack 2002). Annual mean temperature in hot and cold months is under 22 °C and 18 °C, respectively. The mean annual temperature oscillates between 15 °C and 18 °C, with frequent frosts in winter periods. The annual means of relative air humidity and precipitation in this region are 85 % and 1,400 - 1,600 mm, respectively, with a hydric index varying from 60 up to 100, with no occurrence of hydric deficit along the year (IAPAR 2000).

Samples from the outer wood of seventeen species (table 1) from mature populations were taken at breast height (1.30 m). For each species, three individuals were selected, totalizing 51 samples. Samples were sectioned and macerated for light microscopy according to standard techniques in wood anatomy. Terminology for descriptions followed the recommendations of the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Harwood Identification (IAWA 1989).

 

Table 1. List of studied families and species, respectively.
Lista de las familias y de las especies estudiadas, respectivamente.

 

For qualitative characteristics, percentages of absolute occurrence of characters were calculated for each species. Measurements were made on the following quantitative characters: vessel diameter, vessel length, fiber length, ray height and width. For each characteristic, 25 measurements per individual were taken. Means and standard deviation are on table 2.

 

Table 2. Mean values, ± standard deviation and maximum and minimum values
(between brackets) of secondary xylem anatomical characteristics of the studied species.
Promedio, ± desviación estándar y los valores máximo y mínimo (entre paréntesis)
de las características anatómicas del xilema secundario de las especies estudiadas.

 

Statistical analyses were carried out on the software PAST 2.09 (Hammer et al. 2001). Analyses of grouping for selected qualitative and quantitative data were made, as well as analyses of principal components (PCA) for quantitative data (tables 2, 3). For grouping analyses, Manhattan similarity index was used.

 

Table 3. PCA - Principal components (PC) and variance percentage
of each component.
PCA - Componentes principales y porcentaje de varianza de
cada componente.

 

RESULTS

Wood anatomical descriptions. Distinct growth rings (figure 1A) are present in 88 % of the samples, indistinct growth rings in Schinus terebinthifolia and Roupala montana. Diffuse-porous wood in all samples, without specific arrangement of vessels in 88 % of the samples, except in R. montana (tangential vessel orientation) (figure 1B) and Moquiniastrum polymorphum (dendritic arrangement) (figure 1C). Solitary vessels in Campomanesia xanthocar-pa and Myrceugenia miersiana (figure 1D); solitary vessels and radial multiples of 2 in Cinnamodendron dinisii; solitary vessels and radial multiples of 2-3 in Dalbergia frutescens, Ocotea puberula, Calyptranthes conccina and Myrcia hatsbachii; solitary vessels and radial multiples of 2-4 in Roupala montana, Casearia sylvestris and Solanum sanctae-catharinae; solitary vessels and radial multiples of 2-6 in Jacaranda puberula and Allophylus edulis; solitary vessels and radial multiples of 2-9 in Schinus tere-binthifolia, Gymnanthes klotzschiana, Luehea divaricata and Cupania vernalis. Simple perforation plates (figure 1E) in 94 % of the samples, except in Cinnamodendron dinisii (scalariform perforation plate) (figure 2A). Reticulate perforation plates in Calyptranthes conccina and Myr-cia hatschbachii (figure 1F). Intervessel pits alternate and bordered (figure 2B) in 88 % of the individuals, except in Cinnamodendron dinisii and Calyptranthes conccina (opposite and bordered) (figure 2A). Vestured pits (figure 2A) in Cinnamodendron dinisii. Septate fibers (figure 2C) in 47 % of the individuals: Ocotea puberula, Calyptranthes conccina, Myrceugenia miersiana, Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Cupania vernalis and Solanum sanctae-catharinae. Axial parenchyma in 66 % of the samples, except in Moquiniastrum polymorphum, Jacaranda puberu-la, Dalbergia frutescens, Ocotea puberula, Roupala montana and Casearia sylvestris, in which vasicentric axial parenchyma is predominant (figure 2F) or confluent (figure 2D). Rays predominantly uniseriate, with some rare biseriate (figure 2F) in Allophylus edulis, from two to five cells of width among uniseriate rays in 88 % of the samples and from one to 38 cells of width in Roupala montana (figure 3A). Aggregate rays in Luehea divaricate (figure 3B); heterogeneous rays (procumbent cells with borders composed of squared to erect cells) (figure 3D) in 88 % of the individuals, except in Cinnamodendron dinisii and Cupania vernalis, which have homogeneous rays (procumbent cells only) (figure 3C). Disjunctive parenchyma ray cells (figure 3E) in Calyptranthes conccina, Myrcia hats-bachii and Solanum sanctae-catharinae 65 % of the samples presented cell contents; crystals were present in 47 % of the samples and radial channels were found in Schinus terebinthifolia (figure 3F). Bordered ray-vessel pits in all samples. Diffuse apotracheal parenchyma present in 47 % and apotracheal parenchyma diffuse to aggregate in 53 % of the samples; confluent paratracheal parenchyma (figure 2D) in 12 %; scanty (according to the IAWA list, IAWA 1989) paratracheal parenchyma in 65 % and vasicentric paratracheal parenchyma (figure 2E) in 12 %; vasicentric and confluent paratracheal parenchyma represented in 12 % of the samples.

 

Figure 1. A - Ocotea puberula, cross section (CS). Distinct growth ring demarcated by
fibers with thick and tangentially flattened walls. B - Moquiniastrum polymorphum (CS).
Arrangement of vessels in diagonal rows (black arrows). C - Roupala montana (CS).
Arrangement of vessels in tangential bands (white arrows); confluent parenchyma
(black arrows). D - Myrcia haschbachii (CS). Solitary vessels. E - Allophylus edulis, radial
longitudinal section (RLS). Simple perforation plate (black arrows). F - Calyptranthes
conccina, tangential longitudinal section (TLS). Reticulate perforation plate.
A - Ocotea puberula, sección transversal (ST), anillos de crecimiento distintos demarcados
por fibras de paredes gruesas y tangencialmente aplanadas. B - Moquiniastrum polymorphum
(ST), disposición de los vasos en filas diagonales (flechas negras). C - Roupala montana
(ST), disposición de los vasos en filas tangenciales (flechas blancas); parénquima confluente
(flechas blancas). D - Myrcia haschbachii (ST), solitary vessels. E -Allophylus edulis,
sección longitudinal radial (SLR), platina de perforación simples (flechas negras).
F - Calyptranthes conccina, sección longitudinal tangencial (SLT), platina de perforación reticulada.

 

Figure 2. A - Cinnamodendron dinisii, tangential longitudinal section (TLS). Scalariform
perforation plate (black arrows); bordered intervessel pits opposite (white arrows); fiber tracheids
(white arrow with *). B - Ocotea puberula (TLS). Alternate bordered pits. C - Cupania vernalis
(TLS). Septate fibers (white arrows). D - Jacaranda puberula, cross section (CS). Aliform
to confluent axial parenchyma (white arrows). E - Dalbergia frutescens (CS). Axial parenchyma
vasicentric and in terminal bands (white arrows). F -Allophylus edulis (TLS). Unisseriate
rays, rare bisseriate; septate fibers (white arrows) and prismatic crystals (black arrows).
A - Cinnamodendron dinisii (SLT), placa de perforación escalariforme (flechas negras); punteaduras
intervasculares bordeadas, opuestas (flechas blancas); fibrotraqueidas (*). B - Ocotea
puberula (SLT), punteaduras intervasculares bordeadas, alternas. C - Cupania vernalis (SLT),
fibras septadas (flechas blancas). D - Jacaranda puberula (ST), parénquima axial aliforme a
confluente (flechas blancas). E - Dalbergia frutescens (ST), parénquima axial vasicéntrico y en
bandas terminales (flechas blancas). F - Allophylus edulis (SLT), radios uniseriados, raros biseriados;
fibras septadas (flechas blancas) y cristales prismáticos (flechas negras).

 

Figure 3. A - Roupala Montana, tangential longitudinal section (TLS). Rays with up to 38 cells
of width. B - Luehea divaricate (TLS). Stratified rays. C - Cinnamodendron dinisii, radial longitudinal
section (RLS). Homogeneous rays, with procumbent cells only (black arrows). D - Gymnanthes
klotzschiana (TLS). Heterogeneous rays with body composed of procumbent cells and margins
of squared and erected (black arrows). E - Calyptranthes conccina (TLS). Ray cells with disjunctive
cell walls (black arrows) F - Schinus terebinthifolia (TLS). Content inside ray cells (white arrows)
and radial channels (black arrows).
A - Roupala montana (SLT), radios multiseriados con 38 células de ancho. B - Luehea divaricate
(SLT), radios estratificados. C - Cinnamodendron dinisii (SLR), radios homocelulares, compuestos
por células procumbentes (flechas negras). D - Gymnanthes klotzschiana (SLT), radios
heterocelulares con un cuerpo de células procumbentes y extremos con células cuadradas o
erectas (flechas negras). E - Calyptranthes conccina (SLT), radios con paredes disyuntas
(flechas negras). F - Schinus terebinthifolia (SLT), radios con contenidos (flechas blancas)
y canales radiales (flechas negras).

 

The selected qualitative data for grouping analyses were: distinct growth ring; diffuse-porous wood; no specific arrangement of vessels; solitary or solitary and multiple vessels; simples perforation plate; reticulate perforation plate; intervessel pits alternate and bordered; bordered ray-vessel pits; bordered to simple fiber pits; septate fibers; diffuse or diffuse to aggregate apotracheal parenchyma; confluent paratracheal parenchyma and vasicentric parenchyma; rays predominantly unisseriate, rare bisseriate; rays with one to five cells of width; rays with one to 38 cells of width; homogeneous rays; disjunctive ray cells; rays cells with content; ray cells with crystals; radial channels.

The grouping analyses for qualitative data (figure 4) did not group the studied species. The grouping analyses for quantitative data (figure 5) separated only Cinnamodendron dinisii and Roupala montana from the rest.

 

Figure 4. Grouping analysis dendrogram based on Manhattan similarity index of
qualitative wood traits.
Dendrograma del análisis de agrupamiento baseado en el índice de similitud
de Manhattan de los caracteres cualitativos de la madera.

 

Figure 5. Grouping analyses dendrogram based on Manhattan similarity index of
quantitative wood traits (table 2).
Dendrograma del análisis de agrupamiento baseado en el índice de similitud
de Manhattan de los caracteres cuantitativos de la madera (cuadro 2).

 

Within PCA analyses, it was observed that anatomical characteristics varied among factors that explained 69 % of the total variance (table 3). The axis of component 1 responds for 40 % of the total variance and it is influenced by the height and width of rays. The axis of component 2 responds for 29 % of the total variance and it is influenced by vessel length and fiber length (figure 6).

 

Figure 6. Principal components analyses (PCA) of quantitative wood traits for the studied
species: 1. Allophylus edulis, 2. Calyp-tranthes concinna, 3. Campomanesia xanthocarpa,
4. Casearia sylvestris, S. Cinnamodendron dinisii, ó. Cupania vernalis, 7. Dalber-giafrutescens,
8. Moquiniastrum polymorphum, 9. Jacaranda puberula, 10. Luehea divaricata, 11. Myrceugenia
miersiana, 12. Myrcia hatschbachii, 13. Ocotea puberula, 14. Roupala montana, 1S. Schinus
terebinthifolia, 1ó. Gymnanthes klotzschiana, 17. Solanum sanctae-catharinae.
Análisis de componentes principales (ACP) de los caracteres cuantitativos de la madera
para las especies estudiadas: 1. Allophylus edulis, 2. Calyptranthes concinna, 3. Campomanesia
xanthocarpa, 4. Casearia sylvestris, S. Cinnamodendron dinisii, ó. Cupania vernalis, 7. Dalbergia
fru-tescens, 8. Moquiniastrum polymorphum, 9. Jacaranda puberula, 10. Luehea divaricata,
11. Myrceugenia miersiana, 12. Myrcia hatschbachii, 13. Ocotea puberula, 14. Roupala
montana, 1S. Schinus terebinthifolia, 1ó. Gymnanthes klotzschiana, 17. Solanum sanctae-catharinae.

 

DISCUSSION

The studied species have various common characteristics, such as distinct growth ring, diffuse-porous, simple perforation plate, scanty axial parenchyma and heterogeneous rays.

Growth rings were found in 88 % of the individuals, corroborating with Alves and Angyalossy (2000) whose study on ecological trends for wood of various Brazilian species have shown a correlation between growth rings in regions with climatic seasonality or altitude. Barros et al. (2006) observed a high incidence of growth rings studying species of an Atlantic Forest formation of Southeastern Brazil.

In tropical regions, fluctuations in hydric availability might affect cambial activity, thus generating the formation of growth rings (Worbes 1989, Callado et al.2001). Several researches have demonstrated a strong correlation between hydric stress, phenology and cambial activity (Botosso and Tomazello Filho 2001, Callado et al. 2001, Lisi et al. 2008). Although Araucaria Forest does not have a well-demarcated dry season, it shows intervals in which there is a reduction in pluviosity (Bosio et al. 2010), besides a well demarcated cold season with frequent frosts, which may explain the presence of growth rings in the majority of the studied species.

Another common characteristic in all samples is diffuse-porous wood, considered a frequent characteristic in most Eudycotiledons (Alves and Angyalossy-Alfonso 2000).

In this study, the mean diameter found is lower than what was found by Barros et al. (2006) for a tropical forest of Brazilian low lands. This can be understood by the fact that although a tropical formation, characterized by a super-humid climate (Bosio et al. 2010), the Araucaria Forest is subject to low temperatures and frequent frosts, which can explain the smaller mean diameter found in vessels. Due to the frost, the presence of narrower vessel elements favors more safety in water conduction in the secondary xylem (Sperry et al. 2008).

Most of the samples did not present any particular vessel arrangement, except for Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Asteraceae) and Roupala montana (Proteaceae). The former presents a diagonal arrangement (dendritic), which in general is not common, restricted to a few genera in a few families that are not phylogenetically close (Carlquist 2001). Roupala montana (Proteaceae) presents vessel arrangement in bands, which according to Carlquist (2001) might be a variation from the diagonal arrangement.

Simple perforation plates were found in 94 % of the studied samples, except in C. dinisii, which presents the scalariform type. Cinnamodendron dinisii belongs to Ca-nellaceae, a basal group within Angiosperms. The presence of scalariform perforation plates is a character considered plesiomorphic considering the evolutionary trends for secondary xylem, occurring in some basal lineages (Carl-quist 2001). Barros et al. (2006) observed the presence of simple perforation plates in 96 % of the studied species in another Atlantic formation, corroborating with the high index found in this study. Simple perforation plates are regarded as a common feature for most flowering plants (Wheeler et al. 2007). On the other hand, in Myrtaceae, Calyptranthes conccina and Myrcia hatschbachii, besides the simple perforation plates it was also found the reticulate type. For Myrtaceae it was already noticed the presence of both features (Schmid and Baas 1984).

Axial parenchyma predominant type in this study is the diffuse, diffuse in aggregates and scanty. According to literature, there is a trend to species that occur in colder regions to have little axial parenchyma, whereas in warmer regions it is more abundant (Alvesand Angyalossy-Alfonso 2002), corroborated by the present results. The Araucaria Forest occurs in higher latitudes with frequent cold in winter. Besides, almost 70 % of the studied species that have little axial parenchyma also have septate fibers. These are living cells assuming a similar function to the axial parenchyma in storage, representing an alternative strategy (Carlquist 2001).

Only one species presented exclusively unisseriate rays, Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae), which is a characteristic of the family (Carlquist 2001). The other species presented a superior variation of ray width. The species with wider rays is Roupala montana, a Proteaceae, where very wide rays is a typical characteristic (IAWA 1989).

Heterogeneous rays are predominant in all individuals, as observed by Alves and Angyalossy-Alfonso (2002) and Barros et al. (2006) who found the majority of heterogeneous rays predominant in species from Southern Brazil. However, the present data does not corroborate with other studies. Fahn et al. (1986) found homogeneous rays more common in Israel flora, correlating its presence to both dry and wet environments. Accordingly, this parameter is controversial and it cannot be related to any particular ecological trend. Wheeler et al. (2007) concluded that, apparently, there are no ecological trends that may be associated to ray features.

Disjunctive ray cells were observed in Calyptranthes conccina, Myrcia hatschbachii and Solanum sanctae-catharinae. Disjunctive cells of axial or radial parenchyma are not a well-studied characteristic (Kitin et al. 2009), but it was already related to some families, as Buxaceae, Cornaceae, Ericaceae and Rosaceae (Richter and Dallwitz 2000), Myrtaceae (Carlquist 2001) and Santalaceae (Kitin et al. 2009), considered more frequent in species from tropical regions (Richter and Dallwitz 2000). Its origin might be related to mechanical forces generated by the rearrangement of cells during differentiation and development of secondary xylem, however little is known about its function (Kitin et al. 2009).

The grouping analyses using qualitative data (figure 4) showed that the species do group together. However, the grouping analyses using quantitative data (figure 5) demonstrated that Cinnamodendron dinisii and Roupala montana are very distinct from the other species. Cinna-modendron dinisii was separated because of its larger vessels and fibers length while R. montana for its far largest rays height and width.

PCA analyses demonstrated that anatomical characteristics varied among factors that explained 69 % of the total variance. The component of axis 1 responded for 40 % of the total variance, influenced by rays height and width. The component of axis 2 responded for 29 % of the total variance, influenced by vessel and fiber length. The component 1 separated Roupala montana by its very wide and tall rays, that are far larger when compared to the other species. It also corroborates the result of the grouping analyses based on quantitative traits. It also separated Cinnamodendron dinisii that appears isolated from the other species, due to its very wide rays, also agreeing with grouping analysis results. The component 2 separated C. dinisii, Calyptranthes conccina and Gymnanthes klotzschiana based on the longer vessels and fibers. C. dinisii stands out for the highest values for vessel length when compared to C. conccina and G. klotzschiana. The other species remained grouped, demonstrating that quantitative characteristics are common to the majority of them.

CONCLUSIONS

The qualitative characters found in this study corroborate with the patterns observed in some ecological studies regarding secondary xylem anatomy, concerning tropical and subtropical vegetation formations located in regions with higher altitude and latitude, such as the presence of distinct growth rings, diffuse-porous vessels and little axial parenchyma. Results showed that only a few species could be separated based on features that are more related to their historical relationships, such as Cinnamodendron dinisii and Roupala montana, due to a strong phylogenetic signal represented by typical wood traits correlated to the taxonomical groups which they belong to. Most of the species could be grouped by several of the quantitative studied traits, indicating the presence of a strong environmental filter. Exceptions are Calyptranthes conccina and Gymnanthes klotzschiana, which stand out from the others. Further studies are welcome in order to broaden the sampling and achieving a more accurate picture of wood trends in this Atlantic Forest formation.

 

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Recibido: 11.05.15
Aceptado: 29.09.15