In the 1830s, Cuban and Spanish patrons sponsored three public fountains, designed and carved in Italy, for new and redesigned urban spaces in Havana. In their reconfiguration of international forms, materials, and iconographies, the fountains reveal diverging notions of the patria (motherland or homeland) within the Spanish Empire. The iconography of the works partook of broader visual and textual rhetorics that speak to a burgeoning Atlantic world city renegotiating its engagement with empire and its growing conception of itself as a distinctive, local setting. Employing transatlantic discourses, the classicizing fountains addressed the center-periphery dialectic established by Spanish colonialism.
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