Abstract This paper extends the Camanho and Dyson (2006) one-period Malmquist-type index (CDMI) and the recent pseudo-panel Malmquist index (PPMI) by Aparicio et al. (2017) and Aparicio and Santin (2018) to a context where additive... more
Abstract This paper extends the Camanho and Dyson (2006) one-period Malmquist-type index (CDMI) and the recent pseudo-panel Malmquist index (PPMI) by Aparicio et al. (2017) and Aparicio and Santin (2018) to a context where additive efficiency measures are used. In particular, we apply the Luenberger productivity indicator. Unlike the CDMI, the new approach is based upon the directional distance function, allowing non-equiproportional changes in the input and output mix and variable returns to scale for comparing the efficiency and technology gaps of two or more groups of production units over time. To illustrate this methodology, we estimate how the productivity gaps between publicly funded private schools (PFPS) and public schools (PS) in eight European Union countries changed over the 2009-15 period using PISA data. Our results suggest that the performance of PFPS is better in Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain in both waves, while PS productivity outperforms PFPS in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Both school types operate with a productivity gap close to zero in Denmark. In addition, we observe that despite being less efficient, PS are more productive than PFPS, thanks to their better production technology. Finally, we find that school autonomy is positively related to school productivity explaining why PFPS present higher productivity than PS in some countries.
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The theory for measuring efficiency of producers has developed alternative approaches to correct for the effect of non-discretionary variables in the analysis. A review of different options in the specific literature of Data envelopment... more
The theory for measuring efficiency of producers has developed alternative approaches to correct for the effect of non-discretionary variables in the analysis. A review of different options in the specific literature of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) allows us to identify three main approaches: one-stage, two-stage and multi-stage models. Recently, some of these models have been improved through the development of
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It is well known in the educational literature that public and private-voucher schools show different production technologies and present differences in the productivity of their educational inputs due to management issues. On the one... more
It is well known in the educational literature that public and private-voucher schools show different production technologies and present differences in the productivity of their educational inputs due to management issues. On the one hand the students attending public schools differ in their socioeconomic characteristics from students in the private-voucher (private management and funded by the government) ones. In this paper we propose a new non-parametric Educational Malmquist index approach in order to analyse total factor productivity changes and divergences between publicly financed schools when only a pseudo-panel database is available. To do this we use the Basque Country data from PISA 2003 and 2006. The results suggest a higher productivity change for public schools, due to technical efficiency improvements, whereas the technology progress is higher in private-voucher schools within 2003-2006.Efficiency, Productivity, Education, PISA, Malmquist
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... Se analiza la eficiencia educativa en 18 países de la Unión Europea utilizando el alumno como unidad de decisión con datos procedentes del informe PISA. ... DEA) se calcula una única frotera productiva para todos los alumnos que se... more
... Se analiza la eficiencia educativa en 18 países de la Unión Europea utilizando el alumno como unidad de decisión con datos procedentes del informe PISA. ... DEA) se calcula una única frotera productiva para todos los alumnos que se enfrentan a su educación. ...
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Se estudia el impacto presupuestario de la inmigración en el sistema educativo no universitario cuantificando los recursos presupuestarios adicionales en nuevas aulas y centros que se han destinado directamente a atender a este colectivo.... more
Se estudia el impacto presupuestario de la inmigración en el sistema educativo no universitario cuantificando los recursos presupuestarios adicionales en nuevas aulas y centros que se han destinado directamente a atender a este colectivo. Para ello se ...
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... Fundación Europea Sociedad y Educación Miguel Ángel Sancho Gargallo Mercedes Esteban Villar Equipo de Investigación Instituto de Estudios Educativos y Sociales José Luis Gaviria SotoDaniel Santín Covadonga Ruiz de Miguel Nuria Badenes... more
... Fundación Europea Sociedad y Educación Miguel Ángel Sancho Gargallo Mercedes Esteban Villar Equipo de Investigación Instituto de Estudios Educativos y Sociales José Luis Gaviria SotoDaniel Santín Covadonga Ruiz de Miguel Nuria Badenes Page 2. 2 ÍNDICE ...
La pandemia del COVID-19 llevó a la población española a un confinamiento obligatorio entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 2020. Ello supuso cerrar los centros educativos y continuar el resto del curso 2019-2020 sin presencialidad. Este... more
La pandemia del COVID-19 llevó a la población española a un confinamiento obligatorio entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 2020. Ello supuso cerrar los centros educativos y continuar el resto del curso 2019-2020 sin presencialidad. Este trabajo analiza cómo se desarrolló el proceso educativo durante el confinamiento y estima el impacto que la interacción entre la educación telemática y la situación laboral de los progenitores tuvo sobre la competencia de pensamiento crítico del alumnado. Para ello, utilizamos datos recogidos al principio y al final del curso 2019-2020 sobre el pensamiento crítico del alumnado de 3º ESO de 15 centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid. En primer lugar, concluimos que los centros públicos tuvieron mayores dificultades que los centros concertados para continuar con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Para seguir las clases telemáticas, el 70% del alumnado en centros concertados disponían de un ordenador de sobremesa o portátil, frente a solo un 40% de...
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El presente trabajo analiza la influencia de distintos factores en la repeticion de curso, poniendo especial atencion en el efecto del mes de nacimiento. En el sistema escolar espanol los alumnos nacidos en el mismo ano natural pertenecen... more
El presente trabajo analiza la influencia de distintos factores en la repeticion de curso, poniendo especial atencion en el efecto del mes de nacimiento. En el sistema escolar espanol los alumnos nacidos en el mismo ano natural pertenecen a un mismo curso academico aunque sabemos que la madurez relativa de los nacidos en enero y diciembre no es la misma. En el trabajo consideramos que, en relacion a la cuestion analizada, la poblacion no sigue comportamientos estrategicos a la hora de tener hijos y suponemos que la variable mes de nacimiento es exogena. En este sentido y utilizando los datos de PISA 2009 de la OCDE, contamos con una especie de experimento natural que nos permite evaluar el impacto medio del mes de nacimiento sobre el rendimiento academico de los alumnos espanoles a los 15 anos. En particular, mediante una regresion logistica binomial, analizamos la influencia del mes de nacimiento sobre la probabilidad de repetir. Los resultados obtenidos corroboran nuestra hipotesis acerca de la exogeneidad de la variable y de sus efectos sobre el rendimiento de los estudiantes.
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IZA DP No. 15141 MARCH 2022 The Making of Civic Virtues: A School-Based Experiment in Three Countries* With the rise of polarization and extremism, the question of how best to transmit civic virtues across generations is more acute than... more
IZA DP No. 15141 MARCH 2022 The Making of Civic Virtues: A School-Based Experiment in Three Countries* With the rise of polarization and extremism, the question of how best to transmit civic virtues across generations is more acute than ever. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that schools can be the place for this transmission by empowering students and gathering them around concrete and democratically chosen objectives. We draw on an RCT implemented in a large sample of middle schools in three European countries. The evaluated program leads students to carry out collective citizenship projects in their immediate communities under the supervision of teachers trained in student-centered teaching methods. The program significantly increases student altruism, their political self-efficacy as well as the quality of their relationship with their classmates and their respect for the rules of school life (less sanctions and absenteeism). In all three countries, the benefits are greater...
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely applied to empirically measure the technical efficiency of a set of schools for benchmarking their performance. However, the endogeneity issue in the production of education, which plays a... more
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely applied to empirically measure the technical efficiency of a set of schools for benchmarking their performance. However, the endogeneity issue in the production of education, which plays a central role in education economics, has received minor attention in the DEA literature. Under a DEA framework, endogeneity arises when at least one input is correlated with the efficiency term. Cordero et al. (European Journal of Operational Research 244:511–518, 2015) highlighted that DEA performs well under negative and moderate positive endogeneity. However, when an input is highly and positively correlated with the efficiency term, DEA estimates are misleading. The aim of this work is to propose a new test, based on defining a grid of input flexible transformations, for detecting the presence of positive endogeneity in inputs. To show the potential ability of this test, we run a Monte Carlo analysis evaluating the performance of the new approach in finite samples. The results show that this test outperforms alternative statistical procedures for detecting positive high correlations between inputs and the efficiency term. Finally, to illustrate our theoretical findings, we perform an empirical application on the education sector.
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This work has two main objectives: the first one is to measure the technical efficiency of the student and the school for the particular case of the province of Buenos Aires, through the use of parametric distance functions and data... more
This work has two main objectives: the first one is to measure the technical efficiency of the student and the school for the particular case of the province of Buenos Aires, through the use of parametric distance functions and data envelopment analysis. The second is to compare the results obtained by the two methodologies considered and analyze the consistency between them. For that we use data of 118,454 students between 10 and 12 years old from the National Assessment of Educational Quality for the year 2000. The results show a higher relative efficiency of students who goes to privately managed schools. Also, both methodologies leads to very similar results, making it possible to say that, for this case, the efficiency measures obtained are consistent with each other, especially in regard to identifying the most inefficient production units.
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Targets and tools for the monitoring and evaluation of educational policies and schools have changed rapidly in the last 20 years. On one hand, education literature has concluded that the gold standard for measuring the true causal impact... more
Targets and tools for the monitoring and evaluation of educational policies and schools have changed rapidly in the last 20 years. On one hand, education literature has concluded that the gold standard for measuring the true causal impact of educational interventions is randomised controlled trials. On the other hand, although impact evaluation is the mainstream for evaluating educational programmes targeted at individual level, when programmes are intended for organisations it also becomes relevant for benchmarking to measure educational efficiency and total factor productivity changes of schools by means of production frontiers. Surprisingly, to date in the economics of education, both fields of research; impact evaluation and production frontiers, run as parallel lines with scarce relationship between them. In this chapter we develop a theory to relate impact evaluation and production frontiers using the well-known education production function framework introducing the idea of a...
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Page 1. 1 La medición de la eficiencia educativa en Uruguay. ¿Cuáles son sus determinantes? Daniel Santín González * Gabriela Sicilia Suárez † Departamento de Economía Aplicada VI. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. ...
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During the global economic crisis, unemployment rates increased dramatically across Europe, especially among the least educated population groups. The picture in Spain in 2012, with unemployment rates running at over 20% and youth... more
During the global economic crisis, unemployment rates increased dramatically across Europe, especially among the least educated population groups. The picture in Spain in 2012, with unemployment rates running at over 20% and youth employment close to 45%, was discouraging. In face of this situation, the Spanish autonomous government of Extremadura launched a programme specifically aimed at motivating unemployed individuals without a school degree to return to education and earn the compulsory secondary education diploma. This paper applies a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to evaluate the impact of this conditional cash transfer programme using administrative data. The results show that the programme did not increase the likelihood of earning the lower secondary education diploma. This finding is a caveat emptor for governments considering similar policies, and remarks again the importance of testing innovations before generalization.
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Average efficiency is popular in the empirical education literature for comparing the aggregate performance of regions or countries using the efficiency results of their disaggregated decision-making units (DMUs) microdata. The most... more
Average efficiency is popular in the empirical education literature for comparing the aggregate performance of regions or countries using the efficiency results of their disaggregated decision-making units (DMUs) microdata. The most common approach for calculating average efficiency is to use a set of inputs and outputs from a representative sample of DMUs, typically schools or high schools, in order to characterize the performance of the population in the analyzed education system. Regardless of the sampling method, the use of sample weights is standard in statistics and econometrics for approximating population parameters. However, weight information has been disregarded in the literature on production frontier estimation using nonparametric methodologies in education. The aim of this chapter is to propose a preliminary methodological strategy to incorporate sample weight information into the estimation of production frontiers using robust nonparametric models. Our Monte Carlo res...
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Les differentes vagues de l’enquete internationale PISA de l’OCDE sur les connaissances et les competences des jeunes de 15 ans montrent de nettes differences de performance entre la Flandre et la Belgique francophone. La Flandre et la... more
Les differentes vagues de l’enquete internationale PISA de l’OCDE sur les connaissances et les competences des jeunes de 15 ans montrent de nettes differences de performance entre la Flandre et la Belgique francophone. La Flandre et la Communaute francaise ont en commun une forte inegalite entre eleves mais celle-ci presente des scores moyens nettement inferieurs. Plusieurs etudes ont deja essaye d’expliquer ces differences par une serie de facteurs : autonomie des etablissements, origine sociale des eleves, orientation precoce, taille des classes, redoublements, depenses par eleves,…De ces etudes il ressort que seule une partie de la difference entre les deux communautes peut etre expliquee. L’objet de cet article est de contribuer a cette importante question en appliquant a la derniere vague de PISA une mesure de performance fondee sur l’approche par les « frontieres de meilleure pratique.
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The aim of the present paper is to analyse if differences in non-university expenditure per student in Spanish regions are due to a higher necessity of resources for some of them. We have used principal component analysis, cluster... more
The aim of the present paper is to analyse if differences in non-university expenditure per student in Spanish regions are due to a higher necessity of resources for some of them. We have used principal component analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling to construct an indicator that allow us to compare the necessity of financial resources per groups of regions. Contrary to expectations, regions with higher necessity of resources show lower expenditure per pupil. This implies that if this trend continues, educational achievement and future income of a Spanish student could be closely bound with the geographic point of residence, all else equal. Classification-JEL : H52, I21, I22.
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The non-compulsory and non-free of charge character of preschool education level before 3 years old in Spain raises some doubts about the exogenous nature of this variable. This article provides new evidence about the impact of preschool... more
The non-compulsory and non-free of charge character of preschool education level before 3 years old in Spain raises some doubts about the exogenous nature of this variable. This article provides new evidence about the impact of preschool years on educational outcomes by exploiting a peculiar Spanish database that supplies information on two classrooms at fourth grade in primary schools where students were randomly allocated into each group. Using an identification strategy that reproduces a natural experiment, we find that belonging to the group with more average years of preschool education significantly and positively impacts on fourth-grade students’ average outcomes. Particularly, an increase of one standard deviation in the difference in years of preschool attendance results in an increase of 0.16 (0.13) standard deviations in the group achievement for mathematics (reading). In view of the importance of preschool education and considering that preschool attendance before 3 year...
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Trabajo que intenta aportar algunos datos que traten de responder a cuestiones tales como la influencia de las caracteristicas socioeconomicas de las Comunidades autonomas a la hora de explicar el rendimiento academico de los alumnos de... more
Trabajo que intenta aportar algunos datos que traten de responder a cuestiones tales como la influencia de las caracteristicas socioeconomicas de las Comunidades autonomas a la hora de explicar el rendimiento academico de los alumnos de 14 y 16 anos, y cuales son las Comunidades autonomas mas eficientes a la hora de producir el servicio educativo.
The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of the conditional nonparametric approach with several traditional nonparametric methods to incorporate the effect of exogenous or environmental variables into the estimation of... more
The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of the conditional nonparametric approach with several traditional nonparametric methods to incorporate the effect of exogenous or environmental variables into the estimation of efficiency measures. To do this, we conduct a Monte Carlo experiment using a translog production function with one output, two discretionary inputs and two exogenous variables to generate simulated data. According to the values of different accuracy measures calculated to evaluate the performance of each method, the conditional data envelopment analysis clearly outperforms all the traditional alternatives.
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Endogeneity, and the distortions on the estimation of economic models that it causes, is a usual problem in the econometrics literature. Although non-parametric methods like Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are among the most used... more
Endogeneity, and the distortions on the estimation of economic models that it causes, is a usual problem in the econometrics literature. Although non-parametric methods like Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are among the most used techniques for measuring technical efficiency, the effects of such problem on efficiency estimates have received little attention. The aim of this paper is to alert DEA practitioners about the accuracy of their estimates under the presence of endogeneity. For this, first we illustrate the endogeneity problem and its causes in production processes and its implications for the efficiency measurement from a conceptual perspective. Second, using synthetic data generated in a Monte Carlo experiment we evaluate how different levels of positive and negative endogeneity can impair DEA estimations. We conclude that, although DEA is robust to negative endogeneity, a high positive endogeneity level, i.e., the existence of a high positive correlation between one input and the true efficiency level, might bias severely DEA estimates.
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It is well known in the educational literature that public and private-voucher schools show different production technologies and present differences in the productivity of their educational inputs due to management issues. On the one... more
It is well known in the educational literature that public and private-voucher schools show different production technologies and present differences in the productivity of their educational inputs due to management issues. On the one hand the students attending public schools differ in their socioeconomic characteristics from students in the private-voucher (private management and funded by the government) ones. In this paper we propose a new non-parametric Educational Malmquist index approach in order to analyse total factor productivity changes and divergences between publicly financed schools when only a pseudo-panel database is available. To do this we use the Basque Country data from PISA 2003 and 2006. The results suggest a higher productivity change for public schools, due to technical efficiency improvements, whereas the technology progress is higher in private-voucher schools within 2003-2006.
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From its origin, the techniques for measuring efficiency in schools have been widely applied to evaluate public expenditure in education. The aim of this study is to make a critic revision over the risks of performing efficiency analysis... more
From its origin, the techniques for measuring efficiency in schools have been widely applied to evaluate public expenditure in education. The aim of this study is to make a critic revision over the risks of performing efficiency analysis without considering the special characteristics of education, where production function is so complex. Moreover, this paper proposes decision trees in order to analyze the educational sector. This technique is able to generate logical rules to model the educational production function offering an easy framework to take decisions about the allocation of public expenditure in education. To illustrate these ideas this paper conducts an empirical analysis using a Spanish 15 year old students database from PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) captured in 2000.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the convenience of reflecting football players’ value as intangible assets in financial statements of football clubs from the amounts paid on the transfer rights, or through other techniques, such as... more
The aim of this paper is to analyze the convenience of reflecting football players’ value as intangible assets in financial statements of football clubs from the amounts paid on the transfer rights, or through other techniques, such as the methodologies called “market value”, MV, based on crowdvaluation. The research also incorporates an exhaustive and critical review and analysis of academic literature, and football accounting regulations. The paper is based on a model which included 227 observations of crowd valuation, MV, and 127 transfer value/fees, TF, for the best 76 footballers of the Spanish League, Premier League, and German League over 12 years. This paper analyzes the differences between both models to overcome the limitations of standard accounting and fair play FIFA to reflect all the human capital in financial statement of football clubs. This research provides evidence for accounting regulators, UEFA, and football club managers to understand the power and challenges o...
The theory for measuring efficiency of producers has developed alternative approaches to correct for the effect of non-discretionary variables in the analysis. A review of different options in the specific literature of Data envelopment... more
The theory for measuring efficiency of producers has developed alternative approaches to correct for the effect of non-discretionary variables in the analysis. A review of different options in the specific literature of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) allows us to identify three main approaches: one-stage, two-stage and multi-stage models. Recently, some of these models have been improved through the development of bootstrap methods making it possible to make inference and to avoid bias in the estimation of efficiency scores. The aim of this paper is to test the performance of these recent models and to compare among them using simulated data from a Monte Carlo experimental design.