Madelin Gomez Leon

This paper first, describe the evolution of the abandon of the labor activity in Spain (1976-2011), attending to age and moment of observation. Second, we analyze the ducational level in order to analyze the differences and similarities between the crisis (1976-1997) and economic expansion (1998-2008). For it we use the Labour Force Survey for the male population over 55 years. We model the probability of being active through logistic regression models. The results point to the impact of the economic situation, while the crisis that began in the seventies early retirement multiplied, with the subsequent economic expansion (twenty-first century) decreased, and thus under a similar legislative framework. In addition, retirement occurs later the higher level of education, so that an effective strategy would be a broad educational policy that includes the elderly

Abstract Objective: This study examines the effect of combining grandchild care with other care roles on depression among individuals aged 50 to 84. Previous research investigating the health consequences of multiple care roles among older adults found mixed evidence, with most studies being predominantly cross-sectional. Methods: We use longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to understand how grandparents’ mental health, measured as depressive symptoms, is affected when combining multiple care roles. We estimate logistic regression models, for grandfathers and grandmothers separately, to investigate how depression at wave 2 is affected by multiple care roles at wave 1, controlling for depression at baseline. Results: Consistent with previous studies, we find that providing grandchild care only reduces risk of depression for grandmothers, but not for grandfathers. For both genders, we find a higher risk of depression among those who provide intensive care to co-residents. The negative effect of grandchild care on depression found for grandmothers disappears if they also provide other types of care. In particular, grandmothers who provide care both to grandchildren and to a sick or disabled person show a higher risk of depression compared to those who only provide grandchild care. Conclusions: While multiple caregiving roles are not common, it is important to understand their combined effect on caregivers’ health. Grandmothers who provide childcare and other intensive types of care may lose the positive effects grandchild care exert over their wellbeing.

This study investigates the relationship between the provision of informal care to older parents/parents-in-law and the employment status of adult children in mid-life. The study analyses unique panel data for a cohort of individuals born in 1958 in Britain, focusing on respondents at risk of providing care (i.e. with at least one surviving parent/parent-in-law) and in employment at 50. Logistic regression is used to investigate the impact of caring at 50 and 55 on employment status at 55, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, the respondent's health status and their partner's employment status. Separate models examine (a) the likelihood of exiting the labour force versus continuing work, and (b) amongst those continuing in work, the likelihood of reducing hours of employment. Different types of care (personal, basic and instrumental support) are distinguished, along with hours of caring. The results highlight that providing care for more personal tasks, and for...

Desde finales del siglo XX existe una preocupacion cada vez mayor en relacion con la viabilidad del actual regimen demografico que se observa en la mayoria de los paises desarrollados, el cual esta caracterizado por un avanzado proceso de envejecimiento. En este contexto, la participacion laboral de los adultos mayores cobra especial relevancia, tanto desde el enfoque demografico como desde la perspectiva politica, economica o social. Uno de los principales focos de atencion tiene que ver con la disminucion de la fuerza de trabajo. El arribo de generaciones numerosas a la edad de retiro, provoca incertidumbre acerca de la sostenibilidad economica de los sistemas de pensiones. Espana no es ajena a esta situacion, exhibe junto con la mayoria de los paises europeos una inactividad en los adultos mayores a edades cada vez mas tempranas. Tal es asi que desde los 50 anos de edad, se observa una importante reduccion de personas ocupadas, que representa un adelanto de 15 anos en relacion con la preceptiva edad de acceso a una pension de jubilacion, que son los 65 anos. Esta tesis doctoral aborda este fenomeno a partir de la relacion entre envejecimiento y participacion laboral. En este sentido se plantea como objetivo general: La caracterizacion de la salida de ocupacion y el paso a la inactividad laboral definitiva de los adultos mayores en edades cercanas a la edad oficial de retiro en Espana, desde mediados de los cincuenta hasta principios del siglo XXI. Desde el punto de vista demografico, la tesis se enfoca en el analisis de la edad a la que ocurre el evento, teniendo en cuenta tanto una perspectiva transversal, que permite destacar los efectos de momento; como longitudinal, que permite distinguir los cambios entre generaciones. El espacio temporal de la investigacion abarca desde el 1956 hasta el 2012. El primer periodo se refiere al 1956-1991, donde se realizo un analisis longitudinal utilizando datos retrospectivos de la Encuesta Sociodemografica de 1991. Tambien se analizan desde una perspectiva longitudinal las salidas entre 1986 y el 2012, para las cohortes ficticias creadas con los datos de la Encuesta de Poblacion Activa (EPA). El periodo mas amplio que se analiza abarca del 1976 al 2012, para el cual se usan datos transversales de la EPA. El trabajo realizado identifico elementos que se pudieran tener en cuenta en la formulacion de las politicas laborales y de prolongacion de la vida laboral en los adultos mayores, destacando dos esencialmente. El primero de ellos es que existe un potencial importante de adultos mayores menores de 65 anos que no estan ocupados, ya que han pasado a las prejubilaciones o estan buscando empleo. Por lo tanto, el componente demografico esta indicando que existe una reserva poblacional que no esta siendo aprovechada. El otro elemento se refiere a que una parte de los adultos mayores de 50 anos que ya estan fuera del mercado laboral, hubiera continuado trabajando si las condiciones se lo hubieran permitido. Ademas, las intenciones de los que todavia estan trabajando o buscando empleo van en la misma direccion de prolongar su vida laboral mas alla de la edad media de salida definitiva que se observa en la actualidad

With a large baby-boomer generation entering mid-later life in the United Kingdom, and families spanning across multiple generations, understanding how individuals support multiple generations is of increasing research and policy significance. Data from the British 1958 National Child Development Study, collected when respondents were aged 55, are used to examine how mid-life women and men allocate their time to support elderly parents/parents-in-law and their own adult children in terms of providing grandchild care, and whether there is a trade-off in caring for different generations. Binary logistic and multinomial regression models distinguish between individuals supporting multiple generations, only one generation or none. One-third of mid-life individuals are ‘sandwiched’ between multiple generations, by having at least one parent/parent-in-law and one grandchild alive. Among them, half are simultaneously supporting both generations. Caring for grandchildren increases the proba...

Understanding patterns of intergenerational support is critical in the context of population ageing and changes in the policy landscape of health and social care provision. Existing research has usually analysed intergenerational support at a given time in the individuals’ lifecourse. However, the lack of empirical data has rendered the study of the dynamic nature of such support a more difficult task. Using data from the 1958 National Child Development Survey, this paper examines the extent to which the receipt of help from one’s parents in early adulthood affects the chances of adult-children to reciprocate with support later in life (when the children are aged 50). Results from the research show that three-quarters of both men and women had received some kind of help from their parents earlier in life, and more than half provided some kind of support towards their parents at age 50. Patterns of support received and provided across the lifecourse are markedly different by gender, ...

There is limited evidence, in particular for the UK, on the recent trends and characteristics of the so-called “Sandwich generation”. This refers to those individuals in their mid-life who are facing the responsibilities of caring for multiple generations, usually towards young/adult children and elderly parents. With the large generation of the baby boomers entering mid and late life and an increasing number of families sharing longer years of their life among 3-4 generations, there is an increasing concern regarding the pressure that individuals could face when they are involved in multiple roles such as simultaneous caring roles as well as paid employment. In this paper, we use recent data from the 1958 National Child Development Survey to examine how mid-life men and women distribute their time dedicated to provide help to their elderly parents and to their own adult children (in terms of providing grandchild care). Moreover, we investigate the socio-demographic characteristics ...

Objectives. This study investigates the impact of informal care provision to older parents/parents-in-law on the employment status of adult-children in mid-life. Methods. The study analyses unique longitudinal data of a cohort of individuals born in Britain in 1958. The analytical sample comprises all respondents who were at risk of providing care (i.e. with at least one surviving parent/parent-in-law) and who were in employment at age 46. Logistic regression the investigates the impact of caring on changing employment status between 46 and 50, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, respondent’s health status and partner’s employment status. Results. Continuous caring was significantly associated with reducing or stopping work, with the effects mediated by the carers’ own occupational category and health and by their partner’s employment status. Amongst those caring at age 50, those providing higher intensity care (10+ hours a week) were more likely to have adjusted thei...

Understanding patterns of intergenerational support is critical in the context of population ageing and changes in the policy landscape of health and social care provision. Existing research has usually analysed intergenerational support at a given time in the individuals’ lifecourse. However, the lack of empirical data has rendered the study of the dynamic nature of such support a more difficult task. Using data from the 1958 cohort study, this paper examines the extent to which the receipt of help from one’s parents in early adulthood affects the chances of adult-children to reciprocate with support later in life. Results show that provision of support to parents was associated with having previously received support, although with a gradient of reciprocity. Highly demanding types of help provided to parents respond more to the altruism model (especially for daughters), while less demanding provision of help are more responsive to reciprocity norms (especially for sons).

Objective: To present sociodemographic and health status harmonized variables constructed to evaluate cross-national differences in term of Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) across different surveys. Method: The study comprises national surveys conducted in Bulgaria, Italy, and Latin America and the Caribbean. A homogeneous group of health determinants for the older population was created and the DFLE indicator based on Sullivan’s

ABSTRACT Cuba is a developing country at an advanced stage of ageing, with a population growth rate around zero since 2006. The Cuban population shows a high life expectancy (77 years in 2007) and low infant mortality (below 5 per thousand births). Nonetheless, it has maintained a small sex gap (around 4 years) in life expectancy at birth over the last century. This paper examines the evolution of life expectancy at birth, and trends in specific causes of death. The differentials in life expectancy by sex and across time are examined in order to shed light on the narrower sex gap that Cuba shows compared to other countries. Data on population and specific death rates published by the National Statistics and Information Office and Public Health Ministry of Cuba are used. We decompose the mortality rates to determine the impact of age- and cause- specific death rates on the sex differential at three points in time; and on the life expectancy of each sex, from 1987 to 1995, and 1995 to 2007. Our results show that Cuba presents a mix of mortality patterns, with most of the deaths attributable to chronic or degenerative diseases. However, there is also a sizeable proportion of avoidable deaths such as those due to external causes, respiratory diseases or diabetes. Differences between periods are clear. During the economic crisis, male survivorship was seriously constrained while females barely kept their advantage of half of a year; but, in the recovery period, males recovered faster than females.

With a large baby-boomer generation entering mid-later life in the United Kingdom, and families spanning across multiple generations, understanding how individuals support multiple generations is of increasing research and policy significance. Data from the British 1958 National Child Development Study, collected when respondents were aged 55, are used to examine how mid-life women and men allocate their time to support elderly parents/parents-in-law and their own adult children in terms of providing grandchild care, and whether there is a trade-off in caring for different generations. Binary logistic and multinomial regression models distinguish between individuals supporting multiple generations, only one generation or none. One-third of mid-life individuals are ‘sandwiched’ between multiple generations, by having at least one parent/parent-in-law and one grandchild alive. Among them, half are simultaneously supporting both generations. Caring for grandchildren increases the probability of also supporting one's parents/parents-in-law, and vice versa. More intense support for one generation is associated with a higher likelihood of supporting the other generation. Good health is associated with caring for multiple generations for men and women, while working part-time or not at all is associated with such care provision for women only. Facilitating mid-life men and women in responding to family support demands whilst maintaining paid employment will be critical in fostering future intergenerational support.

ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to analyse the trend in retirement patterns of the Spanish population during the period 1984-2004. Data from the Employment Register (Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales) from the Social Security Registers for 2004 is used for the analysis. In order to carry out the study, cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis was used. It was found a bimodal age of retirement pattern, at ages 60 and 65; and also a higher proportion of earlier retirements for males than females. In the longitudinal analysis, it was observed that as earlier the cohort, higher proportion of individuals that enter into an earlier retirement. The transition to retirement observed until age 75, showed that males have a higher proportion compared to females.

ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to analyse the trend in retirement patterns of the Spanish population during the period 1984-2004. Data from the Employment Register (Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales) from the Social Security Registers for 2004 is used for the analysis. In order to carry out the study, cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis was used. It was found a bimodal age of retirement pattern, at ages 60 and 65; and also a higher proportion of earlier retirements for males than females. In the longitudinal analysis, it was observed that as earlier the cohort, higher proportion of individuals that enter into an earlier retirement. The transition to retirement observed until age 75, showed that males have a higher proportion compared to females.

ABSTRACT This paper explores the socio-demographic determinants of early retirement decisions. Data from the Socio-demographic Survey carried out in Spain in 1991 will be used. The birth cohorts for this study are made up of individuals born between 1906 and 1925, who fulfilled the 65 year-old legal retirement age between 1971 and 1990. Event History Analysis Technique will be used focusing on demographic indicators such as: sex, cohort and family formation, as well as other socio-economic factors such as education level, type of contract, type of occupation and duration in the labor market.

""Cuba is a developing country at an advanced stage of ageing, with a population growth rate around zero since 2006. The Cuban population shows a high life expectancy (77 years in 2007) and low infant mortality (below 5 per thousand births). Nonetheless, it has maintained a small sex gap (around 4 years) in life expectancy at birth over the last century. This paper examines the evolution of life expectancy at birth, and trends in specific causes of death. The differentials in life expectancy by sex and across time are examined in order to shed light on the narrower sex gap that Cuba shows compared to other countries.
Data on population and specific death rates published by the National Statistics and Information Office and Public Health Ministry of Cuba are used. We decompose the mortality rates to determine the impact of age- and cause- specific death rates on the sex differential at three points in time; and on the life expectancy of each sex, from 1987 to 1995, and 1995 to 2007.
Our results show that Cuba presents a mix of mortality patterns, with most of the deaths attributable to chronic or degenerative diseases. However, there is also a sizeable proportion of avoidable deaths such as those due to external causes, respiratory diseases or diabetes. Differences between periods are clear. During the economic crisis, male survivorship was seriously constrained while females barely kept their advantage of half of a year; but, in the recovery period, males recovered faster than females.""

"Objective: To present sociodemographic and health status harmonized variables constructed to evaluate cross-national differences in term of Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) across different surveys.
Method: The study comprises national surveys conducted in Bulgaria, Italy, and Latin America and the Caribbean. A homogeneous group of health determinants for the older population was created and the DFLE indicator based on Sullivan’s method was developed considering the harmonized common variables on disability.
Results: For all countries, DFLE values decline as age increases for both sexes, with a pronounced decline among women. Regardless the native country, women always present higher Life Expectancy than men at each age; however, they live a higher percentage of these years with disability.
Discussion: Further research should be carried out with standardized instruments that allow a more direct comparison, along with measurements of the potential differences across countries, which could explain differences in disability prevalence and DFLE. "