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Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
versión On-line ISSN 0717-3458
Electron. J. Biotechnol. v.9 n.4 Valparaíso jul. 2006
Production and stability studies of the bioemulsifier obtained from a new strain of Candida glabrata UCP 1002 Leonie Asfora Sarubbo Juliana Moura de Luna Galba Maria de Website: http://www.unicap.br *Corresponding author Financial support: The work was financed by Keywords: biosurfactant, Candida, emulsifier, fermentation, glucose, vegetal oil.
Evaluation of both tenso-active and emulsifying activities indicated that a biosurfactant was produced by the newly isolated and promising strain Candida glabrata isolated from mangrove sediments. The extracellular water-soluble emulsifying agent was isolated and identified as a heteropolymer. The maximum of bioemulsifier production was observed when the strain was grown on soluble and insoluble substrates cotton seed oil plus glucose, reaching values of 10.0 g/l after 144 hrs at 200 rpm. The cell-free culture broth containing the examined agent lowered the surface tension of the medium to 31 mN/m. Stable and compact emulsions with emulsifying activity of 75% of cotton seed oil were detected. The emulsification capacity remained practically unaltered within a wide
Surfactants and emulsifiers The success of biosurfactant production depends on the development of cheaper processes and the use of low cost raw Among yeasts, Candida species have been widely employed for insoluble substrates fermentation and have been reported to produce surface active agents (Sarubbo et al. 1999; Sarubbo et al. 2001). The objective of this work is to investigate the production of a biosurfactant by Candida glabrata isolated from mangrove sediments and to Candida glabrata UCP 1002 was isolated from mangrove sediment collected in the City of n-Hexadecane was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO); food grade cotton seed oil was kindly supplied from Bunge Alimentos S.A. (SC, Brasil). Other chemicals used were analytical grade. Media and cultivation conditions Cultures were grown on a mineral medium containing 0.1% NH4NO3,0.02% KH2PO4, 0.02% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.3% yeast extract and 7.5% cotton seed oil plus 5.0% glucose as substrates. The final pH of the medium was 5.7. The Candida glabrata was grown in solid medium at Emulsification activity was measured using the method described by Cooper and Goldenberg (1987) whereby 6 ml of n-hexadecane or cotton seed oil was added to 4 ml of the culture broth free of cells in a graduated screwcap test tube and vortexed at 3000 rpm for 2 min. The emulsion stability was determined after 24 hrs, and the emulsification index was calculated by dividing the measured height of the emulsion layer by the mixture's The efficiency of the biosurfactant as an emulsifying agent was measured on the cell-free broth. Variations between Stability studies were done using the cell-free broth obtained centrifuging the cultures at 10000 x g for 15 min. 4 ml of the culture broth free of cells were heated at Surface tension and critical micellar concentration (CMC) were determined on cell-free broth obtained by centrifuging the cultures at 10000 x g for 15 min with a Tensiometer model Sigma 70 (KSV Instruments LTD - Finland) using the Du Nouy ring method at room temperature. The CMC was determined by measuring the surface tensions of dilutions of cell-free broth in distilled water up to a constant value of surface tension. Measurements of surface tension from distilled water and from the The 144-h culture was refrigerated for 24 hrs to solidify the remaining oil and to effect yeast settling. The culture was filtered through Whatman no. 1 filter paper and centrifuged at 10000 x g for 15 min. The cell-free broth was concentrated (500 ml) by freeze drying and extracted three Protein concentration in the isolated bioemulsifier was determined by the Lowry method (Lowry et al. 1951) using Bovine serum albumin as a Growth kinetics and extracellular bioemulsifier production Figure 1 shows the biomass concentration, pH and emulsification index of Candida glabrata cultivation in mineral medium containing 7.5% of cotton seed oil plus 5% of glucose. Maximum biomass concentration was achieved after 72 hrs. After 48 hrs of growth, a diauxic behaviour was observed, probably due to the consumption of other substrate used in the fermentation. During the exponential growth phase, culture medium pH gradually decreased from 5.7 to 2.6, after which it remained around 3.0. The profile of emulsification activity production was observed in three independently run fermentations. Emulsification of cotton seed oil increased with increasing biomass formation, reaching its optimum nearly at about 24 hrs, and after 48 hrs of growth it showed with constant values around 75% until the end of cultivation. Conversely, the emulsification of n-hexadecane started after the microorganism entered the stationary growth phase, with maximum activity of 67% after 96 hrs of cultivation. For the measurements of surface tension of distilled water after different dilutions of the cell-free broth after 144 hrs of cultivation, it was found that the emulsifier agent obtained from glucose plus cotton seed oil could lower the surface tension of water (air-water interface) from 68 mN/m to 31 mN/m (CMC), which shows that it is a good surfactant (Figure 2). This result is similar to others surfactants produced by yeast from carbohydrate and vegetal oil as substrates (Davila et al. 1992; Zhou and Kosaric, 1995; Garcia-Ochoa and Casas, 1999). The efficiency of the bioemulsifier containing cell-free broth is shown in Figure 3. The results showed that the biosurfactant form Candida glabrata was efficient in emulsificating the cotton seed oil once no significant variation in the emulsification index was observed for this substrate, however, for n-hexadecane emulsification, the reduction of cell-free broth volume decreased the emulsification capacity. The effect of added NaCl concentrations on n-hexadecane and cotton seed oil emulsification capacity of the cell-free broth is summarized in Figure The effect of thermal treatment on the emulsifier activity of Candada glabrata culture showed that no appreciable changes in emulsification capacity occurred, if the cell-free broth was heated, once only 10% of activity was lost at The The examined agent was isolated from the culture filtrate of Candida glabrata. The precipitate collected in the aqueous phase recovered 100% of the emulsification activity of n-hexadecane that was present in the culture filtrate, while the emulsification activity of the cotton seed oil increased 25%. The average yield of precipitate in the aqueous phase was approximately 10.0 g/l.Bioemulsifier production by yeast Candida utilis varied from 0.26 to 0.93 g/l and depended on process conditions (Shepherd et al. 1995), while the extracellular emulsifying agent from Curvularia lunata yielded 2.6 g/l (Paraszkiewicz et al. 2002). The emulsification activity of both the isolated biosurfactant and the cell-free remained stable for a reasonable period (more than 4 weeks) under low temperature and upon sterilization. Preliminary chemical characteristics of bioemulsifier Bioshyntesis of biosurfactants from a variety of bacteria and yeasts has been reported (Davila et al. 1992; Zhou and Kosaric, 1995; Daniel et al. 1999; Lang and Wullbrandt, 1999), most commonly involving rhamno-lipids, trehalose and sophorose-lipids. These usually contain various hydroxy fatty acids and carbohydrates and The results obtained in this work
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