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Impact of biochar use on agricultural production and climate change. A review
Impacto del uso del biocarbón sobre la producción agrícola y el cambio climático. Una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n3.87398Keywords:
pyrolysis, carbon, biomass, amendment (en)pirólisis, carbono, biomasa, enmienda (es)
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Biochar is a solid material obtained from the thermal decomposition of biomass of diverse biological origins through a process called pyrolysis. Biochar has great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sequester carbon in the soil, rehabilitate degraded soils, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers in crops. It also improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and has a positive effect on plant growth. Given these attributes, there is a growing interest for adopting its use in agriculture, soil and land reclamation, and climate change mitigation. The effects of biochar application can be neutral or positive and will be determined mainly by factors such as the origin of the raw materials, carbonization conditions, frequency of applications, the method of application and dosage. In this review, we offer a detailed examination of the origins of biochar and the technologies used for its production. We examine the various materials that have been used to produce biochars and how they affect their physico-chemical characteristics, and we describe their applications in agriculture and climate change mitigation. Finally, we list the guides that describe the standards for the production, characterization, and commercialization of biochar that seek to guarantee the quality of the product and the essential characteristics for its safe use.
El biocarbón es un material sólido obtenido a partir de la descomposición térmica de biomasa de diverso origen biológico mediante un proceso llamado pirólisis. El biocarbón tiene un gran potencial para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, secuestrar el carbono en el suelo, rehabilitar los suelos degradados y reducir la dependencia de los fertilizantes químicos en los cultivos. También mejora las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo y tiene un efecto positivo en el crecimiento de las plantas. Teniendo en cuenta estos atributos, existe un interés creciente en adoptar su uso en la agricultura, la recuperación de suelos y tierras, y en la mitigación del cambio climático. Los efectos de la aplicación del biocarbón pueden ser neutros o positivos y estarán determinados principalmente por factores como el origen de la materia prima, las condiciones de carbonización, la frecuencia de las aplicaciones, el método de aplicación y la dosis. En este artículo ofrecemos un examen detallado de los orígenes del biocarbón y las tecnologías utilizadas para su producción. Examinamos los diversos materiales que se han utilizado para producir biocarbones y cómo éstos afectan a sus caracterìsticas fisicoquímicas, y describimos sus aplicaciones en la agricultura y la mitigación del cambio climático. Por último, enumeramos las guìas que describen las normas de producciòn, caracterización y comercialización del biocarbón, las cuales tratan de garantizar la calidad del producto y las características esenciales para su uso seguro.
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