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Despite similar clinical features metabolomics reveals distinct signatures in insulin resistant and progressively obese minipigs

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Abstract

Obesity is a major contributor to the silent and progressive development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) whose prevention could be improved if individuals at risk were identified earlier. Our aim is to identify early phenotypes that precede T2D in diet-induced obese minipigs. We fed four groups of minipigs (n = 5–10) either normal-fat or high-fat high-sugar diet during 2, 4, or 6 months. Morphometric features were recorded, and metabolomics and clinical parameters were assessed on fasting plasma samples. Multivariate statistical analysis on 46 morphometrical and clinical parameters allowed to differentiate 4 distinct phenotypes: NFC (control group) and three others (HF2M, HF4M, HF6M) corresponding to the different stages of the obesity progression. Compared to NFC, we observed a rapid progression of body weight and fat mass (4-, 7-, and tenfold) in obese phenotypes. Insulin resistance (IR; 2.5-fold increase of HOMA-IR) and mild dyslipidemia (1.2- and twofold increase in total cholesterol and HDL) were already present in the HF2M and remained stable in HF4M and HF6M. Plasma metabolome revealed subtle changes of 23 metabolites among the obese groups, including a progressive switch in energy metabolism from amino acids to lipids, and a transient increase in de novo lipogenesis and TCA-related metabolites in HF2M. Low anti-oxidative capacities and anti-inflammatory response metabolites were found in the HF4M, and a perturbed hexose metabolism was observed in HF6M. Overall, we show that IR and progressively obese minipigs reveal phenotype-specific metabolomic signatures for which some of the identified metabolites could be considered as potential biomarkers of early progression to TD2.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge D. Durand and the staff of the IEN Animal Facility (B. Cohade, Y. Guerin, and J. Hermet) for technical assistance.

Funding

This study was funded by Agence Nationale de La Recherche (ANR-19-CE14-0026).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Imene Bousahba, Jérémie David, Didier Rémond & Sergio Polakof

  2. UMR1331 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France

    Imene Bousahba & Nathalie Poupin

  3. CEA, INRAE, Médicaments Et Technologies Pour La Santé (MTS), Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France

    Florence Castelli, Céline Chollet, Sadia Ouzia & François Fenaille

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  1. Imene Bousahba
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Correspondence to Sergio Polakof.

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All procedures were in accordance with the guidelines formulated by the European Community for the use of experimental animals (L358-86/609/EEC, Council Directive, 1986) and approved by the Auvergne Ethical Committee (authorization 23392–2019121914101286).

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Key Points

• HFHS-fed minipigs showed progressive obesity stages up to almost 50% of fat mass.

• Obese minipigs developed IR, mild dyslipidemia but without overt inflammation.

• Plasma metabolomics profiles are modified along the different obesity stages.

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Bousahba, I., David, J., Castelli, F. et al. Despite similar clinical features metabolomics reveals distinct signatures in insulin resistant and progressively obese minipigs. J Physiol Biochem 79, 397–413 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-022-00940-2

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