Abstract
Cholesterolemia is associated with pro-oxidative and proinflammatory effects. Glucomannan- or glucomannan plus spirulina-enriched surimis were included in cholesterol-enriched high-saturated diets to test the effects on lipemia; antioxidant status (glutathione status, and antioxidant enzymatic levels, expressions and activities); and inflammation biomarkers (endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in Zucker fa/fa rats. Groups of eight rats each received diet containing squid-surimi (C), squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HC), glucomannan-squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HG), or glucomannan-spirulina-squid-surimi cholesterol-enriched diet (HGS) over a period of 7 weeks. HC diet induced severe hyperlipemia, hepatomegalia, increased inflammation markers, and impaired antioxidant status significantly (at least p < 0.05) vs. C diet. HG diet decreased lipemia and liver size and normalized antioxidant status to C group levels, but increased TNF-α with respect to HC diet (p < 0.05). In general terms, 3 g/kg of spirulina in diet maintained the positive results observed in the HG diet but, in addition, increased inflammation index [eNOS/(eNOS + iNOS)] and decreased plasma TNF-α (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, glucomannan plus a small amount of spirulina blocks negative effects promoted by hypercholesterolemic diets. Although more studies are needed, present results suggest the utility of including glucomannan and/or spirulina as functional ingredients into fish derivates to be consumed by people on metabolic syndrome risk.
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Abbreviations
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- eNOS:
-
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- GSSG:
-
Oxidized glutathione
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
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Acknowledgments
The present study was supported by the Spanish projects AGL-2011-29644-C02-02, AGL-2008-04892-C03-02 and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 project # CSD2007-00016. We gratefully acknowledge the foreign fellowship for graduate studies granted by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) of México to Laura González-Torres.
Author’s contributions
All authors have significantly contributed to the paper and agree with the present version of the manuscript. FJ S-M is the corresponding author and guarantor of the paper, M V-V has contributed to the study design, data discussion, and writing of the paper, L G-T and P L-G have contributed to the data acquisition and analysis and writing of the paper. S B, J B, and MJ G-M have contributed to data discussion and have made a critical review of the paper.
Compliance with ethical standards
The present study was approved by the Spanish Science and Technology Advisory Committee (project AGL-2008-04892-C03-02) and by an ethics committee of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain). All experiments were performed in compliance with Directive 86/609/EEC of November 24, 1986 for the protection of scientific research animals.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Miguel Vázquez-Velasco and Laura González-Torres are the first authors of this study.
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Vázquez-Velasco, M., González-Torres, L., López-Gasco, P. et al. Effects of glucomannan/spirulina-surimi on liver oxidation and inflammation in Zucker rats fed atherogenic diets. J Physiol Biochem 71, 611–622 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0425-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0425-9