Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:17:02.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Variables in Women with Schizophrenia: 31-Year Follow-Up Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2015

Rosa Sanguino-Andrés ,
José Antonio López-Villalobos ,
Emilio González-Pablos ,
Violeta Guarido-Rivera ,
Clara González-Sanguino ,
María Victoria López-Sánchez  and
Mercedes Vaquero-Casado
Rosa Sanguino-Andrés
Affiliation:
Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia (Spain)
José Antonio López-Villalobos*
Affiliation:
Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia (Spain)
Emilio González-Pablos
Affiliation:
Complejo Hospitalario San Luis (Spain)
Violeta Guarido-Rivera
Affiliation:
Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia (Spain)
Mercedes Vaquero-Casado
Affiliation:
Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to José Antonio López-Villalobos. Responsable de Calidad e Investigación en docencia del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia. Sanidad de Castilla y León. Phone: +34–979167000. Ext. 51354. E-mail: villalobos@cop.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective: To longitudinally analyze the course of cognitive dimensions in schizophrenic women over a period of 31 years. Method: Accidental sampling. Developmental longitudinal design. Diagnosis according to the ICD-10. Thirty institutionalized women were evaluated using the WAIS on three separate occasions (in 1981, 1997, and 2012). The data were analyzed using a repeated measures split-plot method. Results: Patients scored one to two standard deviations below the average on the WAIS. At all three evaluation times, they scored consistently, significantly worse on Performance IQ scales than on Verbal IQ in the following sequence: Processing Speed (PS) < Perceptual Organization (PO) < Working Memory (WM) < Verbal Comprehension (VC). Longitudinally, there was a significant, linear average trend that was stable between the first and second assessments, with a significant drop in scores at the third evaluation on Performance IQ (η2 = .586) and Verbal IQ scales (η2 = .299). The same trend was observed in PS (η2 = .655) and WM (η2 = .438), while PO decreased across the three evaluations (η2 = .509) and no difference in VC was found (η2 = .126). Conclusion: Patients with schizophrenia presented with a low cognitive level. Longitudinally, they had a stable, differential profile of WAIS factors until late life, when performance dropped significantly.

Keywords

schizophreniacognitive dysfunctionlongitudinal studyWAIS
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 18 , 2015 , E92
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiko, J., Eastham, H., & Jeste, V. (2003). Deterioro cognoscitivo en pacientes esquizofrénicos de edad avanzada [Cognitive decline in elderly schizophrenic patients]. In Hwang, M. Y. & Bermanzohn, P. C. (Ed.), Esquizofrenia y patologías comórbidas: Diagnóstico y tratamiento [Schizophrenia and comorbid pathologies: Diagnosis and treatment] (pp. 119–141). Barcelona, Spain: MASSON.Google Scholar
Allen, D. N., Huegel, S. G., Seaton, B. E., Goldstein, G., Gurklis, J. A., & van Kammen, D. P. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS–R in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 34, 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00090-5 Google Scholar
Bombin, I. (2004). Análisis de la evolución de los déficits cognitivos en la esquizofrenia: Un estudio neuropsicológico transversal [Analysis of the course of cognitive decline in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional neuropsychological study] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.Google Scholar
Fett, A. K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Domínguez, M. D., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 573–588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001 Google Scholar
Friedman, J. I., Harvey, P. D., Coleman, T., Moriarty, P. J., Bowie, C., Parrella, M., … Davis, K. L. (2001). Six-year follow-up study of cognitive and functional status across the lifespan in schizophrenia: A comparison with Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1441–1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1441 Google Scholar
Fucetola, R., Seidman, L. J., Kremen, W. S., Faraone, S. V., Goldstein, J. M., & Tsuang, M. T. (2000). Age and neuropsychologic function in schizophrenia: A decline in executive abilities beyond that observed in healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 137–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00240-7 Google Scholar
Garrido, G., & Alberni, J. (2011). ¿El deterioro en los primeros episodios de esquizofrenia es generalizado o selectivo? [Is decline in the early episodes of schizophrenia generalized or selective?]. Alzheimer. Realidades e Investigación en Demencia, 48, 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5538/1137-1242.2011.48.18 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goikoetxea, E., Aznar, S., Cortajarena, C., Ponte, J., Ugarte, K., & Uriarte, J. (2001). El WAIS-III en pacientes esquizofrénicos. Hallazgos sobre su validez [The WAIS-III in schizophrenic patients. Validity findings]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 54, 245–257.Google Scholar
Gold, S., Arndt, S., Nopoulos, P., O’Leary, D. S., & Andreasen, C. (1999). Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1342–1348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, J. M., Hermann, B. P., Randolph, C., Wyler, A. R., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (1994). Schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy. A neuropsychological analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 265–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950040009001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, G., & Zubin, J. (1990). Neuropsychological differences between young and old schizophrenics with and without associated neurological dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 117–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(90)90044-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, G., Allen, D. N., & van Kammen, D. P. (1998). Individual differences in cognitive decline in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1117–1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.8.1117 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, G., Zubin, J., & Poge-Geile, M. F. (1991). Hospitalization and the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. The influence of age and education. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 202–205.Google Scholar
Irani, F., Kalkstein, S., Moberg, E. A., & Moberg, P. J. (2011). Neuropsychological performance in older patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 1318–1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq057 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. S., & Keefe, R. S. E. (2013). Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: Time for a change in focus. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1107–1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.155 Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S., & Lichtenberger, E. O. (1999). Claves para la evaluación con el WAIS-III [Essentials of WAIS-III assessment]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar
Keefe, R. S., & Eesley, C. E. (2008). Déficits neurocognitivos [Neurocognitive deficits]. In Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., & Perkins, D. O. (Eds.), Tratado de esquizofrenia [Schizophrenia treaty] (pp. 243–258). Barcelona, Spain: Ars Médica.Google Scholar
Kurtz, M. M. (2005). Neurocognitive impairment across the lifespan in schizophrenia: An update. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1), 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.005 Google Scholar
Lawrie, S. M., Olabi, B., Hall, J., & McIntosh, A. (2011). Do we have any solid evidence of clinical utility about the pathophysiology of schizophrenia? World Psychiatry, 10(1), 19–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mané, A. (2013). ¿Neurodesarrollo o neurodegeneración? Estado actual [Neurodevelopment or neurodegeneration? Current status]. Psiquiatría Biológica, 20, 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psiq.2013.08.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGorry, P., Keshavan, M., Goldstone, S., Amminger, P., Allot, K., Berk, M., … Hickie, I. (2014). Biomarcadores y estadificación clínica en psiquiatría [Biological markers and clinical staging in psychiatry]. World Psychiatry, 13, 211–223.Google Scholar
Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in Psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7, 847–862.Google Scholar
Napal, O., Ojeda, N., Sánchez, P., Elizagárate, E., Peña, J., Ezcurra, J., & Gutiérrez, M. (2012). The course of the schizophrenia and its impact on cognition: A review of literature. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 40, 198–220.Google Scholar
Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., … Marder, S. R. (2008). The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: Test selection, reliability, and validity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 203–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042 Google Scholar
Ojeda, N., Sánchez, P., Elizagárate, E., Soller, A. B., Ezcurra, J., Ramirez, I., & Ballesteros, J. (2007). Evolución de los síntomas cognitivos en la esquizofrenia: Una revisión de la literatura [Development of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia: A literature review]. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 35, 263–270.Google Scholar
Pardo, A., & San Martín, R. (1994). Análisis de datos en Psicología II [Data analysis in Psychology II]. Madrid, Spain: Pirámide.Google Scholar
Penadés, R., & Gastó, C. (2010). El tratamiento de rehabilitación cognitiva en la esquizofrenia [Cognitive rehabilitation treatment in schizophrenia]. Barcelona, Spain: Ed. Herder.Google Scholar
Radhakrishnan, R., Butler, R., & Head, L. (2012). Dementia in schizophrenia. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 18, 144–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008268 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajii, T. K., & Muslant, B. H. (2008). Nature and course of cognitive function in late-life schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 102(1), 122–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selma, H. (2008). Neuropsicología de la esquizofrenia [The neuropsychology of schizophrenia]. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología, 2, 79–134.Google Scholar
Stone, M. H. (2008). Historia y antecedentes de la esquizofrenia [History and antecedents of schizophrenia]. In Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., & Perkins, D. O. (Eds.), Tratado de esquizofrenia [Schizophrenia treaty] (pp. 1–15). Barcelona, Spain: Ars Médica.Google Scholar
Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M. (2014). The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1332–1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037173 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (1982). WAIS: Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos: Manual técnico [WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Technical manual]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1999). WAIS-III Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para Adultos-III: Manual técnico. [WAIS-III Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – III: Technical manual]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar